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Towner RA, Dissanayake R, Ahmed M. Clinical Advances in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment: Focus on Poly (L-lactide-coglycolide) Nanoparticles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 390:53-64. [PMID: 38580448 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of breast cancer and is associated with high probability of metastasis and poor prognosis. Chemotherapeutics and surgery remain the most common options for TNBC patients; however, chemotherapeutic resistance and relapse of tumors limit the progression free survival and patient life span. This review provides an overview of recent chemotherapeutics that are in clinical trial, and the combination of drugs that are being investigated to overcome the drug resistance and to improve patient survival in different molecular subtypes of TNBCs. Nanotherapeutics have emerged as a promising platform for TNBC treatment and aim to improve the selectivity and solubility of drugs, reduce systemic side effects, and overcome multi-drug resistance. The study explores the role of nanoparticles for TNBC treatment and summarizes the types of nanoparticles that are in clinical trials. Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is the most studied polymeric carrier for drug delivery and for TNBC treatment in research and in clinics. This review is about providing recent advancements in PLGA nanotherapeutic formulations and their application to help treat TNBC. Some background on current chemotherapies and pathway inhibitors is provided so that the readers are aware of what is currently considered for TNBC. Some of the pathway inhibitors may also be of importance for nanotherapeutics development. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This minireview summarizes the progress on chemotherapeutics and nanoparticle delivery for treatment of TNBC and specifically highlights the lead compounds that are in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A Towner
- Department of Chemistry (R.A.T., R.D., M.A.) and Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering (M.A.), University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Ranga Dissanayake
- Department of Chemistry (R.A.T., R.D., M.A.) and Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering (M.A.), University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | - Marya Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry (R.A.T., R.D., M.A.) and Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering (M.A.), University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
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2
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Cao B, Dahlen JV, Sen M, Beyer T, Leonhard T, Kilger E, Arango-Gonzalez B, Ueffing M. Mutant dominant-negative rhodopsin∆I256 causes protein aggregates degraded via ERAD and prevents normal rhodopsin from proper membrane trafficking. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1369000. [PMID: 38828393 PMCID: PMC11140085 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1369000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in the rhodopsin gene (Rho) contribute to 25% of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP), characterized by photoreceptor loss and progressive blindness. One such mutation, Rho ∆I256 , carries a 3-bp deletion, resulting in the loss of one of two isoleucines at codons 255 and 256. Our investigation, using recombinant expression in HEK293 and COS-7 cells, revealed that Rho ∆I256, akin to the known adRP mutation Rho P23H, induces the formation of rhodopsin protein (RHO) aggregates at the perinuclear region. Co-expression of Rho ∆I256 or Rho P23H with wild-type Rho WT, mimicking the heterozygous genotype of adRP patients, demonstrated the dominant-negative effect, as all isoforms were retained in perinuclear aggregates, impeding membrane trafficking. In retinal explants from WT mice, mislocalization of labeled adRP isoforms at the outer nuclear layer was observed. Further analysis revealed that RHO∆I256 aggregates are retained at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), undergo ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and colocalize with the AAA-ATPase escort chaperone valosin-containing protein (VCP). These aggregates are polyubiquitinated and partially colocalized with the 20S proteasome subunit beta-5 (PSMB5). Pharmacological inhibition of proteasome- or VCP activity increased RHO∆I256 aggregate size. In summary, RHO∆I256 exhibits dominant pathogenicity by sequestering normal RHOWT in ER aggregates, preventing its membrane trafficking and following the ERAD degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Cao
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Valentina Dahlen
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Merve Sen
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tina Beyer
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Leonhard
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Kilger
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Blanca Arango-Gonzalez
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Justin GA, Girach A, Maldonado RS. Antisense oligonucleotide therapy for proline-23-histidine autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2023; 34:226-231. [PMID: 36924362 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss antisense oligonucleotide (ASON) therapy for autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) caused by the proline-23-histidine (P23H) mutation in the rhodopsin gene. RECENT FINDINGS Viral and nonviral therapies to treat adRP are currently under investigation. A promising therapeutic option is a nonviral approach using ASONs. This form of genetic therapy has demonstrated a dose-dependent and highly selective reduction of P23H mutant rhodopsin mRNA in animal models, and it is currently being investigated as a human phase 1/2 clinical trial. SUMMARY There are promising new therapies to treat adRP. ASON has shown encouraging results in animal models and has undergone a phase 1 clinical trial. ASON does not use a viral vector, is delivered with standard intravitreal injection, and its effects are reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant A Justin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Ramiro S Maldonado
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Wu KY, Joly-Chevrier M, Akbar D, Tran SD. Overcoming Treatment Challenges in Posterior Segment Diseases with Biodegradable Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041094. [PMID: 37111579 PMCID: PMC10142934 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Posterior segment eye diseases present a challenge in treatment due to the complex structures in the eye that serve as robust static and dynamic barriers, limiting the penetration, residence time, and bioavailability of topical and intraocular medications. This hinders effective treatment and requires frequent dosing, such as the regular use of eye drops or visits to the ophthalmologist for intravitreal injections, to manage the disease. Moreover, the drugs must be biodegradable to minimize toxicity and adverse reactions, as well as small enough to not affect the visual axis. The development of biodegradable nano-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) can be the solution to these challenges. First, they can stay in ocular tissues for longer periods of time, reducing the frequency of drug administration. Second, they can pass through ocular barriers, offering higher bioavailability to targeted tissues that are otherwise inaccessible. Third, they can be made up of polymers that are biodegradable and nanosized. Hence, therapeutic innovations in biodegradable nanosized DDS have been widely explored for ophthalmic drug delivery applications. In this review, we will present a concise overview of DDSs utilized in the treatment of ocular diseases. We will then examine the current therapeutic challenges faced in the management of posterior segment diseases and explore how various types of biodegradable nanocarriers can enhance our therapeutic arsenal. A literature review of the pre-clinical and clinical studies published between 2017 and 2023 was conducted. Through the advances in biodegradable materials, combined with a better understanding of ocular pharmacology, the nano-based DDSs have rapidly evolved, showing great promise to overcome challenges currently encountered by clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y Wu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | | | - Dania Akbar
- Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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Fang L, Liu J, Liu Z, Zhou H. Immune modulating nanoparticles for the treatment of ocular diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:496. [DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOcular diseases are increasingly influencing people’s quality of life. Complicated inflammatory mechanisms involved in the pathogenic process of ocular diseases make inflammation-targeting treatment a potential therapeutic approach. The limited efficacy of conventional anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies, caused by various objective factors, such as complex ocular biological barriers, and subjective factors, such as poor compliance, are promoting the development of new therapeutic methods. With the advantages of considerable tissue permeability, a controllable drug release rate, and selective tissue targeting ability, nanoparticles have successfully captured researchers’ attention and have become a research hotspot in treating ocular diseases. This review will focus on the advantages of nanosystems over traditional therapy, the anti-inflammation mechanisms of nanoparticles, and the anti-inflammatory applications of nanoparticles in different ocular diseases (ocular surface diseases, vitreoretinopathy, uveal diseases, glaucoma, and visual pathway diseases). Furthermore, by analyzing the current situation of nanotherapy and the challenges encountered, we hope to inspire new ideas and incentives for designing nanoparticles more consistent with human physiological characteristics to make progress based on conventional treatments. Overall, some progress has been made in nanoparticles for the treatment of ocular diseases, and nanoparticles have rather broad future clinical translation prospects.
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Prediction of Transport, Deposition, and Resultant Immune Response of Nasal Spray Vaccine Droplets using a CFPD-HCD Model in a 6-Year-Old Upper Airway Geometry to Potentially Prevent COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.11.08.515673. [PMID: 36380758 PMCID: PMC9665335 DOI: 10.1101/2022.11.08.515673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the transport, deposition, and triggered immune response of intranasal vaccine droplets to the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-rich region (i.e., the olfactory region (OR)) in the nasal cavity of a 6-year-old female to possibly prevent COVID-19. To investigate how administration strategy can influence nasal vaccine efficiency, a validated multiscale model (i.e., computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) and host-cell dynamics (HCD) model) was employed. Droplet deposition fraction, size change, residence time, and the area percentage of OR covered by the vaccine droplets and triggered immune system response were predicted with different spray cone angles, initial droplet velocities, and compositions. Numerical results indicate that droplet initial velocity and composition have negligible influences on the vaccine delivery efficiency to OR. In contrast, the spray cone angle can significantly impact the vaccine delivery efficiency. The triggered immunity was not significantly influenced by the administration investigated in this study, due to the low percentage of OR area covered by the droplets. To enhance the effectiveness of the intranasal vaccine to prevent COVID-19 infection, it is necessary to optimize the vaccine formulation and administration strategy so that the vaccine droplets can cover more epithelial cells in OR to minimize the available receptors for SARS-CoV-2.
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7
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Zhu Y, Cao B, Tolone A, Yan J, Christensen G, Arango-Gonzalez B, Ueffing M, Paquet-Durand F. In vitro Model Systems for Studies Into Retinal Neuroprotection. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:938089. [PMID: 35873807 PMCID: PMC9301112 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.938089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy development for neurodegenerative diseases of the retina constitutes a major unmet medical need, and this may be particularly relevant for inherited diseases of the retina, which are largely untreatable to this day. Therapy development necessitates appropriate models to improve the understanding of the underlying degenerative mechanisms, as well as for the testing and evaluation of novel treatment approaches. This review provides an overview of various in vitro model systems used to study retinal neuroprotection. The in vitro methods and technologies discussed range from primary retinal cell cultures and cell lines, to retinal organoids and organotypic retinal explants, to the cultivation of whole eyeballs. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared and evaluated, also in view of the 3R principles (i.e., the refinement, reduction, and replacement of live animal testing), to identify suitable in vitro alternatives for in vivo experimentation. The article further expands on the use of in vitro models to test and evaluate neuroprotective treatments and to aid the development of retinal drug delivery systems. Among the pharmacological agents tested and characterized in vitro are such that interfere with aberrant cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) -signaling or such that inhibit the activities of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), histone deacetylases (HDAC), calpain-type proteases, as well as unfolded protein response-related stress. We then introduce nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems and discuss how different in vitro systems may be used to assess their efficacy in the treatment of retinal diseases. The summary provides a brief comparison of available in vitro models and relates their advantages and limitations to the various experimental requirements, for instance, for studies into disease mechanisms, novel treatments, or retinal toxicity. In many cases, combinations of different in vitro models may be required to obtain a comprehensive view of the efficacy of a given retinal neuroprotection approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhu
- Cell Death Mechanisms Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bowen Cao
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Molecular Biology of Retinal Degenerations, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arianna Tolone
- Cell Death Mechanisms Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jie Yan
- Cell Death Mechanisms Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gustav Christensen
- Cell Death Mechanisms Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Blanca Arango-Gonzalez
- Molecular Biology of Retinal Degenerations, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Molecular Biology of Retinal Degenerations, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Marius Ueffing,
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Cell Death Mechanisms Group, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- François Paquet-Durand,
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8
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Sen M, Al-Amin M, Kicková E, Sadeghi A, Puranen J, Urtti A, Caliceti P, Salmaso S, Arango-Gonzalez B, Ueffing M. Retinal neuroprotection by controlled release of a VCP inhibitor from self-assembled nanoparticles. J Control Release 2021; 339:307-320. [PMID: 34606936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in rhodopsin lead to its misfolding resulting in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). Pharmacological inhibition of the ATP-driven chaperone valosin-containing protein (VCP), a molecular checkpoint for protein quality control, slows down retinal degeneration in animal models. However, poor water-solubility of VCP inhibitors poses a challenge to their clinical translation as intravitreal injections for retinal treatment. In order to enable the delivery of VCP inhibitors, we have developed and investigated two formulations for the VCP inhibitor ML240. Nanoformulations of ML240 were obtained by using amphiphilic polymers methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol)5kDa-cholane (mPEG5kDa-cholane) and methoxy-poly (ethylene glycol)5kDa-cholesterol (mPEG5kDa-cholesterol). Both formulations increased the water-solubility of ML240 by two orders of magnitude and prolonged the drug released over ten days. In addition, encapsulation of ML240 in mPEG5kDa-cholane showed superior photoreceptor protection at lower drug concentrations, normalized rhodopsin localization, and alleviated inflammatory microglial responses in an ex vivo rat model of retinal degeneration. The study demonstrates the potential of VCP inhibitor nanoformulations to treat adRP, a pharmacologically orphan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Sen
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Md Al-Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eva Kicková
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jooseppi Puranen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paolo Caliceti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Blanca Arango-Gonzalez
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Pharmacological Inhibition of the VCP/Proteasome Axis Rescues Photoreceptor Degeneration in RHO P23H Rat Retinal Explants. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101528. [PMID: 34680161 PMCID: PMC8534135 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin (RHO) misfolding mutations are a common cause of the blinding disease autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). The most prevalent mutation, RHOP23H, results in its misfolding and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Under homeostatic conditions, misfolded proteins are selectively identified, retained at the ER, and cleared via ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Overload of these degradation processes for a prolonged period leads to imbalanced proteostasis and may eventually result in cell death. ERAD of misfolded proteins, such as RHOP23H, includes the subsequent steps of protein recognition, targeting for ERAD, retrotranslocation, and proteasomal degradation. In the present study, we investigated and compared pharmacological modulation of ERAD at these four different major steps. We show that inhibition of the VCP/proteasome activity favors cell survival and suppresses P23H-mediated retinal degeneration in RHOP23H rat retinal explants. We suggest targeting this activity as a therapeutic approach for patients with currently untreatable adRP.
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Bassetto M, Ajoy D, Poulhes F, Obringer C, Walter A, Messadeq N, Sadeghi A, Puranen J, Ruponen M, Kettunen M, Toropainen E, Urtti A, Dollfus H, Zelphati O, Marion V. Magnetically Assisted Drug Delivery of Topical Eye Drops Maintains Retinal Function In Vivo in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101650. [PMID: 34683941 PMCID: PMC8540400 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Barded-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare genetic disorder with an unmet medical need for retinal degeneration. Small-molecule drugs were previously identified to slow down the apoptosis of photoreceptors in BBS mouse models. Clinical translation was not practical due to the necessity of repetitive invasive intravitreal injections for pediatric populations. Non-invasive methods of retinal drug targeting are a prerequisite for acceptable adaptation to the targeted pediatric patient population. Here, we present the development and functional testing of a non-invasive, topical, magnetically assisted delivery system, harnessing the ability of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to cargo two drugs (guanabenz and valproic acid) with anti-unfolded protein response (UPR) properties towards the retina. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we showed the MNPs' presence in the retina of Bbs wild-type mice, and their photoreceptor localization was validated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Subsequent electroretinogram recordings (ERGs) demonstrated that we achieved beneficial biological effects with the magnetically assisted treatment translating the maintained light detection in Bbs-/- mice (KO). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of efficient magnetic drug targeting in the photoreceptors in vivo after topical administration. This non-invasive, needle-free technology expands the application of SMDs for the treatment of a vast spectrum of retinal degenerations and other ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bassetto
- OZ Biosciences, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 922, Zone Entreprise, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.B.); (F.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Daniel Ajoy
- INSERM, Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Group, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMRS_U1112, Fédération de Médicine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France; (D.A.); (C.O.); (H.D.)
| | - Florent Poulhes
- OZ Biosciences, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 922, Zone Entreprise, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.B.); (F.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Cathy Obringer
- INSERM, Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Group, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMRS_U1112, Fédération de Médicine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France; (D.A.); (C.O.); (H.D.)
| | - Aurelie Walter
- OZ Biosciences, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 922, Zone Entreprise, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.B.); (F.P.); (A.W.)
| | - Nadia Messadeq
- INSERM, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), 67640 Illkrich-Graffenstaden, France;
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (E.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Jooseppi Puranen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (E.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Marika Ruponen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (E.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Mikko Kettunen
- Kuopio Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70150 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (E.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (A.S.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (E.T.); (A.U.)
| | - Hélène Dollfus
- INSERM, Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Group, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMRS_U1112, Fédération de Médicine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France; (D.A.); (C.O.); (H.D.)
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMRS_U1112, Institut de Génétique Médicale d’Alsace, Fédération de Médicine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Hopiaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Zelphati
- OZ Biosciences, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Case 922, Zone Entreprise, CEDEX 9, 13288 Marseille, France; (M.B.); (F.P.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: (O.Z.); or (V.M.)
| | - Vincent Marion
- INSERM, Ciliopathies Modeling and Associated Therapies Group, Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, UMRS_U1112, Fédération de Médicine Translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France; (D.A.); (C.O.); (H.D.)
- ALMS Therapeutics, Parc d’Innovation, 650 Boulevard Gonthier d’Andernach, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- Correspondence: (O.Z.); or (V.M.)
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