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Sun L, Mi K, Hou Y, Hui T, Zhang L, Tao Y, Liu Z, Huang L. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Drug-Drug Interactions: Research Methods and Applications. Metabolites 2023; 13:897. [PMID: 37623842 PMCID: PMC10456269 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the high research and development cost of new drugs, the long development process of new drugs, and the high failure rate at later stages, combining past drugs has gradually become a more economical and attractive alternative. However, the ensuing problem of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) urgently need to be solved, and combination has attracted a lot of attention from pharmaceutical researchers. At present, DDI is often evaluated and investigated from two perspectives: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. However, in some special cases, DDI cannot be accurately evaluated from a single perspective. Therefore, this review describes and compares the current DDI evaluation methods based on two aspects: pharmacokinetic interaction and pharmacodynamic interaction. The methods summarized in this paper mainly include probe drug cocktail methods, liver microsome and hepatocyte models, static models, physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, machine learning models, in vivo comparative efficacy studies, and in vitro static and dynamic tests. This review aims to serve as a useful guide for interested researchers to promote more scientific accuracy and clinical practical use of DDI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Kun Mi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Yixuan Hou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Tianyi Hui
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Lan Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Yanfei Tao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
| | - Zhenli Liu
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China; (L.S.); (K.M.); (Y.H.); (T.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.T.)
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China;
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430000, China
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Manhas D, Bhatt S, Rai G, Kumar V, Bharti S, Dhiman S, Jain SK, Sharma DK, Ojha PK, Gandhi SG, Goswami A, Nandi U. Rottlerin renders a selective and highly potent CYP2C8 inhibition to impede EET formation for implication in cancer therapy. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 380:110524. [PMID: 37146929 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CYP2C8 is a crucial CYP isoform responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous molecules. CYP2C8 converts arachidonic acid to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) that cause cancer progression. Rottlerin possess significant anticancer actions. However, information on its CYP inhibitory action is lacking in the literature and therefore, we aimed to explore the same using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches. Rottlerin showed highly potent and selective CYP2C8 inhibition (IC50 < 0.1 μM) compared to negligible inhibition (IC50 > 10 μM) for seven other experimental CYPs in human liver microsomes (HLM) (in vitro) using USFDA recommended index reactions. Mechanistic studies reveal that rottlerin could reversibly (mixed-type) block CYP2C8. Molecular docking (in silico) results indicate a strong interaction could occur between rottlerin and the active site of human CYP2C8. Rottlerin boosted the plasma exposure of repaglinide and paclitaxel (CYP2C8 substrates) by delaying their metabolism using the rat model (in vivo). Multiple-dose treatment of rottlerin with CYP2C8 substrates lowered the CYP2C8 protein expression and up-regulated & down-regulated the mRNA for CYP2C12 and CYP2C11 (rat homologs), respectively, in rat liver tissue. Rottlerin substantially hindered the EET formation in HLM. Overall results of rottlerin on CYP2C8 inhibition and EET formation insinuate further exploration for targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Manhas
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shipra Bhatt
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Garima Rai
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Drug Theoretics and Chemoinformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sahil Bharti
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sumit Dhiman
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Deepak K Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Probir Kumar Ojha
- Drug Theoretics and Chemoinformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Seo S, Han D, Choi E, Seo M, Song I, Yoon I. Factors determining the oral absorption and systemic disposition of zeaxanthin in rats: in vitro, in situ, and in vivo evaluations. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:2266-2275. [PMID: 36412560 PMCID: PMC9704089 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2143534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Zeaxanthin is a yellow‑coloured dietary carotenoid widely recognized as an essential component of the macula. It exerts blue light filtering and antioxidant activities, offering eye health and vision benefits. OBJECTIVE This study explores the oral absorption and systemic disposition of zeaxanthin from biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic perspectives. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo intravenous (5 and 10 mg/kg) and intraportal (5 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic studies were performed to determine intrinsic tissue‑blood partition coefficient, elimination pathway, and hepatic clearance, of zeaxanthin in rats. Moreover, in vitro physicochemical property test, in situ closed loop study, in vivo oral pharmacokinetic study (20 and 100 mg/kg), and in vivo lymphatic absorption study (100 mg/kg) were conducted to investigate the gut absorption properties of zeaxanthin and assess the effects of several lipids on the lymphatic absorption of zeaxanthin in rats. RESULTS Zeaxanthin exhibited poor solubility (≤144 ng/mL) and stability (6.0-76.9% of the initial amount remained at 24 h) in simulated gut luminal fluids. Gut absorption of zeaxanthin occurred primarily in the duodenum, but the major fraction (≥84.7%) of the dose remained unabsorbed across the entire gut tract. Considerable fractions of intravenous zeaxanthin accumulated in the liver, lung, and spleen (21.3, 11.7, and 2.0%, respectively). It was found that the liver is the major eliminating organ of zeaxanthin, accounting for 53.5-90.1% of the total clearance process (hepatic extraction ratio of 0.623). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study to report factors that determine the oral bioavailability and systemic clearance of zeaxanthin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong‑Wook Seo
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Dong‑Gyun Han
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Eugene Choi
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Min‑Jeong Seo
- Freshwater Biosources Utilization Bureau, Bioresources Industrialization Support Division, Nakdong‑gang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), Sangju‑si, South Korea
| | - Im‑Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR Community‑Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Vessel‑Organ Interaction Research Center (VOICE), Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - In‑Soo Yoon
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
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Wang L, Wu F, Xu J, Wang Y, Fei W, Jiang H, Geng P, Zhou Q, Wang S, Zheng Y, Deng H. Differential effects of ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole on the pharmacokinetics of pyrotinib in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:962731. [PMID: 36160438 PMCID: PMC9490176 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.962731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various oral drugs. To better understand the effects of azole antifungal drugs (ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole) on pyrotinib’s pharmacokinetics, DDIs between pyrotinib and three azoles were studied with Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat liver microsomes in vitro. Additionally, in vivo pyrotinib metabolic experiment was also performed. Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: the ketoconazole (40 mg/kg), fluconazole (40 mg/kg), itraconazole (40 mg/kg), and the control group. UPLC-MS/MS was used for the determination of Pyrotinib’s plasma concentration in rats. In vitro experiments showed that IC50 values of ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole were 0.06, 11.55, and 0.27 μM, respectively, indicating that these drugs might reduce the clearance rate of pyrotinib at different degrees. In rat studies, coadministration of pyrotinib with ketoconazole or fluconazole could dramatically increase the Cmax and AUC(0-t) values and decrease the clearance rate of pyrotinib, especially for ketoconazole. However, coadministration with itraconazole had no impact on the pharmacokinetic characters of pyrotinib. These data indicated that ketoconazole and fluconazole could significantly decrease the metabolism of pyrotinib both in vitro and in vivo. More attentions should be paid when pyrotinib is combined with azole antifungal drugs in clinic although further investigation is still required in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xu
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huadong Deng, ; Yongquan Zheng,
| | - Huadong Deng
- Department of Ultrasonography, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui People’s Hospital, Lishui, China
- *Correspondence: Huadong Deng, ; Yongquan Zheng,
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Bhatt S, Manhas D, Kumar V, Gour A, Sharma K, Dogra A, Ojha PK, Nandi U. Effect of Myricetin on CYP2C8 Inhibition to Assess the Likelihood of Drug Interaction Using In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Approaches. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13260-13269. [PMID: 35474783 PMCID: PMC9026026 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Myricetin, a bioflavonoid, is widely used as functional food/complementary medicine and has promising multifaceted pharmacological actions against therapeutically validated anticancer targets. On the other hand, CYP2C8 is not only crucial for alteration in the pharmacokinetics of drugs to cause drug interaction but also unequivocally important for the metabolism of endogenous substances like the formation of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which are considered as signaling molecules against hallmarks of cancer. However, there is hardly any information known to date about the effect of myricetin on CYP2C8 inhibition and, subsequently, the CYP2C8-mediated drug interaction potential of myricetin at the preclinical/clinical level. We aimed here to explore the CYP2C8 inhibitory potential of myricetin using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo investigations. In the in vitro study, myricetin showed a substantial effect on CYP2C8 inhibition in human liver microsomes using CYP2C8-catalyzed amodiaquine-N-deethylation as an index reaction. Considering the Lineweaver-Burk plot, the Dixon plot, and the higher α-value, myricetin is found to be a mixed type of CYP2C8 inhibitor. Moreover, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation data suggest that myricetin is likely to cause drug interaction at the hepatic level. The molecular docking study depicted a strong interaction between myricetin and the active site of the human CYP2C8 enzyme. Moreover, myricetin caused considerable elevation in the oral exposure of amodiaquine as a CYP2C8 substrate via a slowdown of amodiaquine clearance in the rat model. Overall, the potent action of myricetin on CYP2C8 inhibition indicates that there is a need for further exploration to avoid drug interaction-mediated precipitation of obvious adverse effects as well as to optimize anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Bhatt
- PK-PD
Toxicology (PPT) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Diksha Manhas
- PK-PD
Toxicology (PPT) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Drug
Theoretics and Chemoinformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Gour
- PK-PD
Toxicology (PPT) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kuhu Sharma
- PK-PD
Toxicology (PPT) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ashish Dogra
- PK-PD
Toxicology (PPT) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Probir Kumar Ojha
- Drug
Theoretics and Chemoinformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- PK-PD
Toxicology (PPT) Division, CSIR-Indian Institute
of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- ,
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Development and application of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for entrectinib in rats and scale-up to humans: Route-dependent gut wall metabolism. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112520. [PMID: 34902744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Entrectinib (Rozlytrek®) is an oral antineoplastic agent approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019 for the treatment of c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1)-positive non-small cell lung cancer and neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) fusion-positive solid tumors. Although there have been a few studies on the pharmacokinetics of entrectinib, the relative contributions of several kinetic factors determining the oral bioavailability and systemic exposure of entrectinib are still worthy of investigation. Experimental data on the intestinal absorption and disposition of entrectinib in rats were acquired from studies on in vitro protein binding/tissue S9 metabolism, in situ intestinal perfusion, and in vivo dose-escalation/hepatic extraction. Using these datasets, an in-house whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating the QGut model concepts and segregated blood flow in the gut was constructed and optimized with respect to drug-specific parameters. The established rat PBPK model was further extrapolated to humans through relevant physiological scale-up and parameter optimization processes. The optimized rat and human PBPK models adequately captured the impact of route-dependent gut metabolism on the systemic exposure to entrectinib and closely mirrored various preclinical and clinical observations. Our proposed PBPK model could be useful in optimizing dosage regimens and predicting drug interaction potential in various clinical conditions, after partial modification and validation.
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Chen X, Xu P, Zhang H, Su X, Guo L, Zhou X, Wang J, Huang P, Zhang Q, Sun R. EGFR and ERK activation resists flavonoid quercetin-induced anticancer activities in human cervical cancer cells in vitro. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:754. [PMID: 34539858 PMCID: PMC8436358 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, due to the complex and numerous targets of Sarcandrae Herb (also known as Zhong Jie Feng), network pharmacology was performed to analyze its therapeutic effect on 2 cervical cancer cell lines, which could assist with the development of novel therapies. The results suggested that the natural flavonoid quercetin (Que), the effective antitumor ingredient in SH, which is widely present in a variety of plants, may depend on the target, EGFR. Previous studies have shown that EGFR serves a crucial role in the occurrence and development of cervical cancer, but its downstream molecules and regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. The anti-cervical cancer cell properties of Que, which are present in ubiquitous plants, were examined in vitro to identify the association between Que and its underlying pathway using MTT assays, flow cytometry, western blot analysis and Transwell assays. It was found that Que reduced cervical cancer cell viability, promoted G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis, as well as inhibited cell migration and invasion. The Tyr1068 phosphorylation site of EGFR and the corresponding ERK target were also examined and the 2 kinases were markedly activated by Que. Furthermore, the EGFR inhibitor, afatinib and the ERK inhibitor, U0126 blocked the increase of EGFR and ERK phosphorylation, and resulted in a notable enhancement of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Therefore, to the best of our knowledge, the current results provided the first evidence that EGFR and ERK activation induced by Que could resist Que-induced anticancer activities. On this basis, the present study determined the role of EGFR and the underlying signaling pathways involved in the anti-cervical cancer malignant behavior induced by Que and identified the negative regulatory association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Pengli Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosan Su
- Research and Experiment Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Guo
- Department of Oncology, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xuhong Zhou
- Research and Experiment Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Junliang Wang
- Research and Experiment Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 163-8001, Japan
| | - Qingzhi Zhang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Ruifen Sun
- Research and Experiment Center, Yunnan University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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