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Charoo NA, Selvasudha N, Kath ZN, Abrahamsson B, Cristofoletti R, Kambayashi A, Langguth P, Mehta M, Parr A, Polli JE, Shah VP, Dressman J. Biowaiver Monograph for Immediate-Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Fexofenadine. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00225-9. [PMID: 38857646 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In this monograph, the potential use of methods based on the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) framework to evaluate the bioequivalence of solid immediate-release (IR) oral dosage forms containing fexofenadine hydrochloride as a substitute for a pharmacokinetic study in human volunteers is investigated. We assessed the solubility, permeability, dissolution, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic index, bioavailability, drug-excipient interaction, and other properties using BCS recommendations from the ICH, FDA and EMA. The findings unequivocally support fexofenadine's classification to BCS Class IV as it is neither highly soluble nor highly permeable. Further impeding the approval of generic equivalents through the BCS-biowaiver pathway is the reference product's inability to release ≥ 85 % of the drug substance within 30 min in pH 1.2 and pH 4.5 media. According to ICH rules, BCS class IV drugs do not qualify for waiving clinical bioequivalence studies based on the BCS, even though fexofenadine has behaved more like a BCS class I/III than a class IV molecule in pharmacokinetic studies to date and has a wide therapeutic index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem A Charoo
- Adcan Pharma LLC, ICAD III, Mussaffah, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - N Selvasudha
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Zahira Nala Kath
- Adcan Pharma LLC, ICAD III, Mussaffah, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Atsushi Kambayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Japan
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mehul Mehta
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vinod P Shah
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Arce F, Schuman Y, Gawel J, Garmise R, Abebe A, Desai D. An Evaluation of Wet Granulation Process Selection for API Prone to Polymorphic Form Conversion in the Presence of Moisture and Heat. Pharm Res 2024; 41:595-607. [PMID: 38383934 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wet granulation (WG) is one of the most versatile processes to improve blend properties for processing. However, due to its need for moisture and heat, it is often considered not amenable to active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) prone to forming hydrates. Despite this claim, little literature exists evaluating the extent to which polymorphic form conversions occur for such API when processed with WG. This work sets out to explore two common WG methods, high-shear (HSG) and fluid-bed (FBG), and two drying processes, tray-drying (TD) and fluid-bed drying (FBD), and evaluate the risk they pose to hydrate form conversion. METHODS The progression of anhydrous to hydrate form conversion of two model compounds with vastly different solubilities, fexofenadine hydrochloride and carbamazepine, was monitored throughout the various processes using powder X-ray diffraction. The resultant granules were characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, BET adsorption, and sieve analysis. RESULTS FBG and FBD processing resulted in the preservation of the original form of both APIs, while HSG+TD resulted in the complete conversion of the API. The FBD of fexofenadine and carbamazepine granules prepared with HSG resulted in partial and complete re-conversion back to the original anhydrous forms, respectively. CONCLUSION The drying process is a critical factor in anhydrous form conservation. FBG and FBD yielded better preservation of the initial anhydrous forms. HSG could be an acceptable granulation method for API susceptible to hydrate formation if the API solubility is low. Selecting an FBG+FBD process minimizes API hydrate formation and preserves the original anhydrous form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Arce
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, 08901, NJ, USA.
| | - Yue Schuman
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, 08901, NJ, USA
| | - John Gawel
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, 08901, NJ, USA
| | - Robert Garmise
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, 08901, NJ, USA
| | - Admassu Abebe
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, 08901, NJ, USA
| | - Divyakant Desai
- Drug Product Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, 08901, NJ, USA
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Pockle RD, Masareddy RS, Patil AS, Patil PD. A comprehensive review on pharmaceutical excipients. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:443-458. [PMID: 37464784 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of pharmaceutical drugs depends not only on their active components and manufacturing processes, but also on the role played by pharmaceutical excipients. The traditional definition of excipients as inactive and cost-effective substances has evolved significantly. They are now recognized as essential elements of drug formulations, constituting 80-90% of the final product. The rapid advancements in delivery systems, along with scientific, regulatory, financial and technological developments in biopharmaceutics, have generated renewed interest in the use and functionality of excipients, especially in solid dosage forms. This review focuses on the categorization of excipients according to the International Pharmaceutical Excipient Council (IPEC) and the establishment of guidelines for evaluating the safety of a new proposed excipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana D Pockle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajashree S Masareddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Archana S Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Pragati D Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010, Karnataka, India
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Heidrich L, Abdelkader A, Ornik J, Castro-Camus E, Keck CM, Koch M. Terahertz Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Solid-State Investigation of Norfloxacin in Paper Tablets after Wet Granulation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1786. [PMID: 37513973 PMCID: PMC10386691 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Amorphous drug systems are an intensively studied approach to overcome the insufficient bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Here, paper tablets were studied, which were made from cellulose-based paper matrices loaded with norfloxacin. Moreover, wet granulation was introduced as an additional processing step for improving the flowability of the solids, which is necessary when considering production on an industrial scale. (2) Methods: The possible impact of the wet granulation on the crystallinity of norfloxacin was studied by examining granulated and non-granulated samples. Crystallinity investigations were performed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz TDS). (3) Results: THz TDS allowed for a more straightforward crystallinity assessment than XRD. Moreover, using THz TDS, it was possible to detect minor changes in the crystallinity of the API after the granulation, whereas this was not possible with the XRD analysis. (4) Conclusions: THz TDS results indicate a partial crystallization of norfloxacin due to the wet granulation. Depending on the formulation, THz TDS can serve as a beneficial and advantageous tool to determine the crystallinity of an API.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Heidrich
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ayat Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- Assiut International Center of Nanomedicine, Al-Rajhi Liver Hospital, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Jan Ornik
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Enrique Castro-Camus
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia M Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin Koch
- Department of Physics and Material Sciences Center, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Uppala S, Vullendula SKA, Yarlagadda DL, Dengale SJ. Exploring the utility of co-amorphous materials to concurrently improve the solubility and permeability of Fexofenadine. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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