Omega-3- and Resveratrol-Loaded Lipid Nanosystems for Potential Use as Topical Formulations in Autoimmune, Inflammatory, and Cancerous Skin Diseases

Development and characterization of curcumin nanosuspension-embedded genipin-crosslinked chitosan/polyvinylpyrrolidone hydrogel patch for effective wound healing

This study investigated the development of a genipin-crosslinked chitosan (CS)-based polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) hydrogel containing curcumin nanosuspensions (Cur-NSs) for promoting wound healing in an excisional wound model. Cur-NSs were first prepared, and a simplex centroid mixture design was employed to optimize the hydrogel for high water absorption, degree of crosslinking, and sufficient toughness. The in vivo wound healing effect was investigated on Wistar rats. The optimized hydrogel consisted of CS:PVP at a 70:30 ratio, crosslinked with a 2 % w/w genipin solution. It exhibited high swelling capability (486 %) while maintaining solidity, robustness, and durability. Incorporation of 5 % w/w Cur-NSs resulted in a more compact structure, although with reduction in swelling properties. The release kinetics of Cur from the hydrogel followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas Fickian diffusion model. In vitro biocompatibility studies demonstrated that the hydrogel was non-toxic to skin fibroblast cells. The in vivo experiment revealed a desirable wound healing rate with over 80 % recovery at day 7. Cur-NSs likely aided wound healing by reducing inflammatory response and stimulating fibroblast proliferation. Additionally, the CS-based hydrogel provided a moist wound environment with hydration and gas transfer, further accelerating wound closure. These findings suggest that the Cur-NS-embedded hydrogel shows promise as a desirable wound dressing material.

Composite Hydrogel with Oleic Acid-Grafted Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Topical Delivery of Doxorubicin

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are inorganic nanocarriers presenting versatile properties and the possibility to deliver drug molecules via different routes of application. Their modification with lipids could diminish the burst release profile for water-soluble molecules. In the case of oleic acid (OA) as a lipid component, an improvement in skin penetration can be expected. Therefore, in the present study, aminopropyl-functionalized MSNs were modified with oleic acid through carbodiimide chemistry and were subsequently incorporated into a semisolid hydrogel for dermal delivery. Doxorubicin served as a model drug. The FT-IR and XRD analysis as well as the ninhydrin reaction showed the successful preparation of the proposed nanocarrier with a uniform particle size (352-449 nm) and negative zeta potential. Transmission electron microscopy was applied to evaluate any possible changes in morphology. High encapsulation efficiency (97.6 ± 1.8%) was achieved together with a sustained release profile over 48 h. The composite hydrogels containing the OA-modified nanoparticles were characterized by excellent physiochemical properties (pH of 6.9; occlusion factor of 53.9; spreadability of factor 2.87 and viscosity of 1486 Pa·s) for dermal application. The in vitro permeation study showed 2.35 fold improvement compared with the hydrogel containing free drug. In vitro cell studies showed that loading in OA-modified nanoparticles significantly improved doxorubicin's cytotoxic effects toward epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431). All of the results suggest that the prepared composite hydrogel has potential for dermal delivery of doxorubicin in the treatment of skin cancer.

Resveratrol alleviates inflammatory bowel disease by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 pathway activity via the reduction of O-GlcNAcylation of STAT3 in intestinal epithelial cells

The role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification (O-GlcNAcylation) in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been increasingly highlighted in recent studies. It's been reported that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) O-GlcNAcylation can affect the activity of the Janus kinase2 (JAK2)/STAT3 pathway.Our recent study showed that resveratrol repairsIBDin mice.On this basis,the present study aimed to explore whether the mechanism of IBD repair by resveratrol is associated with STAT3 O-GlcNAcylation. Pretreatment of colitis mice and intestinal epithelial cells with an O-GlcNAcylation promoter (Thiamet G, or Glucosamine) and an O-GlcNAcylation inhibitor (OSMI-1) showed that increased O-GlcNAcylation promoted colitis in mice.The pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) -6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were increased, while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was decreased. Moreover, the downstream target proteins of JAK2/STAT3, cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase 2 were up-regulated, Resveratrol treatment mitigated the inflammation by decreasing JAK2/STAT3 activity, as well as STAT3 O-GlcNAcylation. Finally, the correlation between STAT3 glycosylation and phosphorylation in intestinal epithelial cells under the effect of resveratrol was investigated by Immunofluorescence co-localization and immunoprecipitation.The results showed that resveratrol inhibited STAT3 O-GlcNAcylation, thereby inhibiting its phosphorylation, reducing JAK2/STAT3 pathway activity, and alleviating IBD.

Formulation of Budesonide-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles into Hydrogels for Local Therapy of Atopic Dermatitis

Budesonide is a mineral corticoid applied in the local therapy of pediatric atopic dermatitis. Unfortunately, its dermal administration is hindered by the concomitant adverse effects and its physicochemical properties. The characteristic pH change in the atopic lesions can be utilized for the preparation of a pH-sensitive nanocarrier. In this view, the formulation of Eudragit L 100 nanoparticles as a budesonide delivery platform could provide more efficient release to the desired site, improve its penetration, and subsequently lower the undesired effects. In this study, budesonide-loaded Eudragit L100 nanoparticles were prepared via the nanoprecipitation method (mean diameter 57 nm, -31.2 mV, and approx. 90% encapsulation efficiency). Their safety was proven by cytotoxicity assays on the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line. Further, the drug-loaded nanoparticles were incorporated into two types of hydrogels based on methylcellulose or Pluronic F127. The formulated hydrogels were characterized with respect to their pH, occlusion, rheology, penetration, spreadability, and drug release. In conclusion, the developed hydrogels containing budesonide-loaded nanoparticles showed promising potential for the pediatric treatment of atopic dermatitis.

Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Enriched Hydrogels for Skin Topical Administration of Quercetin and Omega-3 Fatty Acid

Chronic skin exposure to external hostile agents (e.g., UV radiation, microorganisms, and oxidizing chemicals) may increase oxidative stress, causing skin damage and aging. Because of their well-known skincare and protective benefits, quercetin (Q) and omega-3 fatty acids (ω3) have attracted the attention of the dermocosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors. However, both bioactives have inherent properties that limit their efficient skin delivery. Therefore, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and enriched PFC® hydrogels (HGs) have been developed as a dual-approach vehicle for Q and/or ω3 skin topical administration to improve bioactives' stability and skin permeation. Two NLC formulations were prepared with the same lipid composition but differing in surfactant composition (NLC1-soy lecithin and poloxamer 407; NLC2-Tween® 80 and dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DOSS)), which have an impact on physicochemical properties and pharmaceutical and therapeutic performance. Despite both NLCs presenting high Q loading capacity, NLC2's physicochemical properties make them more suitable for topical skin administration and ensure longer colloidal stability. Additionally, NLC2 demonstrated a more sustained Q release, indicating higher bioactive storage while improving permeability. The occlusive effect of NLCs-enriched HGs also has a positive impact on skin permeability. Q-loaded NLC2, with or without ω3, -enriched HGs demonstrated efficacy as antioxidant and photoprotective formulations as well as effective reduction in S. aureus growth, indicating that they constitute a promising approach for topical skin administration to prevent skin aging and other damaging cutaneous processes.

The Role of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Skin Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Skin cancer is a prevalent type of cancer worldwide and has a high growth rate compared to other diseases. Although modern targeted therapies have improved the management of cutaneous neoplasms, there is an urgent requirement for a safer, more affordable, and effective chemoprevention and treatment strategy for skin cancer. Nutraceuticals, which are natural substances derived from food, have emerged as a potential alternative or adjunctive treatment option. In this review, we explore the current evidence on the use of omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols (curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, resveratrol, and genistein) for the treatment of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), as well as in their prevention. We discuss the mechanisms of action of the aforementioned nutraceuticals and their probable therapeutic benefits in skin cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, resveratrol, and genistein have several properties, among which are anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, which can help to prevent and treat skin cancer. However, their effectiveness is limited due to poor bioavailability. Nanoparticles and other delivery systems can improve their absorption and targeting. More research is needed to evaluate their safety and effectiveness as a natural approach to skin cancer prevention and treatment. These compounds should not replace conventional cancer treatments, but may be used as complementary therapy under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Impact of resveratrol-loaded liposomal nanocarriers on heat-stressed broiler chickens: Effects on performance, sirtuin expression, oxidative stress regulators, and muscle building factors

Climate change is considered to be the primary cause of heat stress (HS) in broiler chickens. Owing to the unique properties of extracted polyphenols, resveratrol-loaded liposomal nanoparticles (Resv-Lipo NPs) were first explored to mitigate the harmful effects of HS. The dietary role of Resv-Lipo NPs in heat-stressed birds was investigated based on their growth performance, antioxidative potential, and the expression of heat shock proteins, sirtuins, antioxidant, immune, and muscle-building related genes. A total of 250 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were divided into five experimental groups (5 replicates/group, 10 birds/replicate) for 42 days as follows: the control group was fed a basal diet and reared in thermoneutral conditions, and the other four HS groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with Resv-Lipo NPsI, II, and III at the levels of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg diet, respectively. The results indicated that supplementation with Resv-Lipo NP improved the growth rate of the HS group. The Resv-Lipo NP group showed the most significant improvement in body weight gain (p < 0.05) and FCR. Additionally, post-HS exposure, the groups that received Resv-Lipo NPs showed restored functions of the kidney and the liver as well as improvements in the lipid profile. The restoration occurred especially at higher levels in the Resv-Lipo NP group compared to the HS group. The elevated corticosterone and T3 and T4 hormone levels in the HS group returned to the normal range in the Resv-Lipo NPsIII group. Additionally, the HS groups supplemented with Resv-Lipo NPs showed an improvement in serum and muscle antioxidant biomarkers. The upregulation of the muscle and intestinal antioxidant-related genes (SOD, CAT, GSH-PX, NR-f2, and HO-1) and the muscle-building genes (myostatin, MyoD, and mTOR) was observed with increasing the level of Resv-Lipo NPs. Heat stress upregulated heat shock proteins (HSP) 70 and 90 gene expression, which was restored to normal levels in HS+Resv-Lipo NPsIII. Moreover, the expression of sirtuin 1, 3, and 7 (SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT7) genes was increased (p < 0.05) in the liver of the HS groups that received Resv-Lipo NPs in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the HS group was restored in the HS groups that received Resv-Lipo NPs. Supplementation with Resv-Lipo NPs can mitigate the harmful impact of HS and consequently improve the performance of broiler chickens.

Modulating Inflammation-Mediated Diseases via Natural Phenolic Compounds Loaded in Nanocarrier Systems

The global increase and prevalence of inflammatory-mediated diseases have been a great menace to human welfare. Several works have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory potentials of natural polyphenolic compounds, including flavonoid derivatives (EGCG, rutin, apigenin, naringenin) and phenolic acids (GA, CA, etc.), among others (resveratrol, curcumin, etc.). In order to improve the stability and bioavailability of these natural polyphenolic compounds, their recent loading applications in both organic (liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, etc.) and inorganic (mesoporous silica, heavy metals, etc.) nanocarrier technologies are being employed. A great number of studies have highlighted that, apart from improving their stability and bioavailability, nanocarrier systems also enhance their target delivery, while reducing drug toxicity and adverse effects. This review article, therefore, covers the recent advances in the drug delivery of anti-inflammatory agents loaded with natural polyphenolics by the application of both organic and inorganic nanocarriers. Even though nanocarrier technology offers a variety of possible anti-inflammatory advantages to naturally occurring polyphenols, the complexes' inherent properties and mechanisms of action have not yet been fully investigated. Thus, expanding the quest on novel natural polyphenolic-loaded delivery systems, together with the optimization of complexes' activity toward inflammation, will be a new direction of future efforts.

Combinational System of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers and Biodegradable Polymers for Wound Healing: An Updated Review

Skin wounds have imposed serious socioeconomic burdens on healthcare providers and patients. There are just more than 25,000 burn injury-related deaths reported each year. Conventional treatments do not often allow the re-establishment of the function of affected regions and structures, resulting in dehydration and wound infections. Many nanocarriers, such as lipid-based systems or biobased and biodegradable polymers and their associated platforms, are favorable in wound healing due to their ability to promote cell adhesion and migration, thus improving wound healing and reducing scarring. Hence, many researchers have focused on developing new wound dressings based on such compounds with desirable effects. However, when applied in wound healing, some problems occur, such as the high cost of public health, novel treatments emphasizing reduced healthcare costs, and increasing quality of treatment outcomes. The integrated hybrid systems of lipid-based nanocarriers (LNCs) and polymer-based systems can be promising as the solution for the above problems in the wound healing process. Furthermore, novel drug delivery systems showed more effective release of therapeutic agents, suitable mimicking of the physiological environment, and improvement in the function of the single system. This review highlights recent advances in lipid-based systems and the role of lipid-based carriers and biodegradable polymers in wound healing.

pH-Responsive Hybrid Nanoassemblies for Cancer Treatment: Formulation Development, Optimization, and In Vitro Therapeutic Performance

Current needs for increased drug delivery carrier efficacy and specificity in cancer necessitate the adoption of intelligent materials that respond to environmental stimuli. Therefore, we developed and optimized pH-triggered drug delivery nanoassemblies that exhibit an increased release of doxorubicin (DOX) in acidic conditions typical of cancer tissues and endosomal vesicles (pH 5.5) while exhibiting significantly lower release under normal physiological conditions (pH 7.5), indicating the potential to reduce cytotoxicity in healthy cells. The hybrid (polymeric/lipid) composition of the lyotropic non-lamellar liquid crystalline (LNLCs) nanoassemblies demonstrated high encapsulation efficiency of the drug (>90%) and high drug loading content (>7%) with colloidal stability lasting at least 4 weeks. Confocal microscopy revealed cancer cellular uptake and DOX-loaded LNLCs accumulation near the nucleus of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, with a large number of cells appearing to be in apoptosis. DOX-loaded LNLCs have also shown higher citotoxicity in cancer cell lines (MDA-MB 231 and HepG2 cell lines after 24 h and in NCI-H1299 cell line after 48 h) when compared to free drug. After 24 h, free DOX was found to have higher cytotoxicity than DOX-loaded LNLCs and empty LNLCs in the normal cell line. Overall, the results demonstrate that DOX-loaded LNLCs have the potential to be explored in cancer therapy.

Nano-delivery systems for food bioactive compounds in cancer: prevention, therapy, and clinical applications

Bioactive compounds represent a broad class of dietary metabolites derived from fruits and vegetables, such as polyphenols, carotenoids and glucosinolates with potential for cancer prevention. Curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, and β-carotene have been the most widely applied bioactive compounds in chemoprevention. Lately, many approaches to encapsulating bioactive components in nano-delivery systems have improved biomolecules' stability and targeted delivery. In this review, we critically analyze nano-delivery systems for bioactive compounds, including polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), liposomes, niosomes, and nanoemulsions (NEs) for potential use in cancer therapy. Efficacy studies of the nanoformulations using cancer cell lines and in vivo models and updated human clinical trials are also discussed. Nano-delivery systems were found to improve the therapeutic efficacy of bioactive molecules against various types of cancer (e.g., breast, prostate, colorectal and lung cancer) mainly due to the antiproliferation and pro-apoptotic effects of tumor cells. Furthermore, some bioactive compounds have promised combination therapy with standard chemotherapeutic agents, with increased tumor efficiency and fewer side effects. These opportunities were identified and developed to ensure more excellent safety and efficacy of novel herbal medicines enabling novel insights for designing nano-delivery systems for bioactive compounds applied in clinical cancer therapy.

Resveratrol-Loaded Levan Nanoparticles Produced by Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Technique

Considering the significant advances in nanostructured systems in various biomedical applications and the escalating need for levan-based nanoparticles as delivery systems, this study aimed to fabricate levan nanoparticles by the electrohydrodynamic atomization (EHDA) technique. The hydrolyzed derivative of levan polysaccharide from Halomonas smyrnensis halophilic bacteria, hydrolyzed Halomonas levan (hHL), was used. Nanoparticles were obtained by optimizing the EHDA parameters and then they were characterized in terms of morphology, molecular interactions, drug release and cell culture studies. The optimized hHL and resveratrol (RS)-loaded hHL nanoparticles were monodisperse and had smooth surfaces. The particle diameter size of hHL nanoparticles was 82.06 ± 15.33 nm. Additionally, release of RS from the fabricated hHL nanoparticles at different pH conditions were found to follow the first-order release model and hHL with higher RS loading showed a more gradual release. In vitro biocompatibility assay with human dermal fibroblast cell lines was performed and cell behavior on coated surfaces was observed. Nanoparticles were found to be safe for healthy cells. Consequently, the fabricated hHL-based nanoparticle system may have potential use in drug delivery systems for wound healing and tissue engineering applications and surfaces could be coated with these electrosprayed particles to improve cellular interaction.