1
|
Iskandar M, Ruiz-Houston KM, Bracco SD, Sharkasi SR, Calabi Villarroel CL, Desai MN, Gerges AG, Ortiz Lopez NA, Xiao Barbero M, German AA, Moluguri VS, Walker SM, Silva Higashi J, Palma JM, Medina DZ, Patel M, Patel P, Valentin M, Diaz AC, Karthaka JP, Santiago AD, Skiles RB, Romero Umana LA, Ungrey MD, Wojtkowiak A, Howard DV, Nurge R, Woods KG, Nanjundan M. Deep-Sea Sponges and Corals off the Western Coast of Florida-Intracellular Mechanisms of Action of Bioactive Compounds and Technological Advances Supporting the Drug Discovery Pipeline. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:615. [PMID: 38132936 PMCID: PMC10744787 DOI: 10.3390/md21120615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of natural products utilized to treat a diverse array of human conditions and diseases are derived from terrestrial sources. In recent years, marine ecosystems have proven to be a valuable resource of diverse natural products that are generated to defend and support their growth. Such marine sources offer a large opportunity for the identification of novel compounds that may guide the future development of new drugs and therapies. Using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) portal, we explore deep-sea coral and sponge species inhabiting a segment of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone, specifically off the western coast of Florida. This area spans ~100,000 km2, containing coral and sponge species at sea depths up to 3000 m. Utilizing PubMed, we uncovered current knowledge on and gaps across a subset of these sessile organisms with regards to their natural products and mechanisms of altering cytoskeleton, protein trafficking, and signaling pathways. Since the exploitation of such marine organisms could disrupt the marine ecosystem leading to supply issues that would limit the quantities of bioactive compounds, we surveyed methods and technological advances that are necessary for sustaining the drug discovery pipeline including in vitro aquaculture systems and preserving our natural ecological community in the future. Collectively, our efforts establish the foundation for supporting future research on the identification of marine-based natural products and their mechanism of action to develop novel drugs and therapies for improving treatment regimens of human conditions and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Meera Nanjundan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, ISA2015, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; (M.I.); (K.M.R.-H.); (S.D.B.); (S.R.S.); (C.L.C.V.); (M.N.D.); (A.G.G.); (N.A.O.L.); (M.X.B.); (A.A.G.); (V.S.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.S.H.); (J.M.P.); (D.Z.M.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.V.); (A.C.D.); (J.P.K.); (A.D.S.); (R.B.S.); (L.A.R.U.); (M.D.U.); (A.W.); (D.V.H.); (R.N.); (K.G.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Exploration of natural product database for the identification of potent inhibitor against IDH2 mutational variants for glioma therapy. J Mol Model 2022; 29:6. [PMID: 36484830 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05409-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (mIDH2) is an oncogenic driver prevalently reported in various cancer types including gliomas. To date, enasidenib is the only FDA-approved drug widely used as a mIDH2 (R140Q) inhibitor. However, dose-limiting toxicity and modest brain penetrating capability restrict its use as a plausible mIDH2 inhibitor. Furthermore, secondary site mutations (Q316E and I319M) were identified in patients with enasidenib treatments resulting in acquired therapeutic resistance. Hence, in the present investigation, we aimed to identify novel and potent drug-like compounds to overcome the existing drawbacks using an integrated in-silico strategy. A sum of 1574 natural compounds from the naturally occurring plant-based anti-cancerous compound activity target (NPACT) database was proclaimed and subjected to molecular docking. The binding affinities of the resultant natural compounds were rescored using MM-GBSA scoring functions. The resultant lead molecules were subjected to anticancer activity prediction using the machine-learning model. Furthermore, the toxicity and drug-likeliness of the lead compounds were investigated using ADMET properties. Eventually, the integrated in silico approach resulted in a lead molecule, namely squalene (NPACT00954) against mIDH2 protein. The screened compound was subjected to mutational analysis accomplishing second-site mutations. Interestingly, squalene exhibited appreciable binding affinity alongside good brain penetrating potential than enasidenib. Indeed, the reproducibility and significance of our results are examined by running 3 replicas of 100-ns simulations per system using the random initial velocities of the atoms generated by Maxwell distribution at a given temperature. Thus, we hypothesize from our results that further optimization of squalene could be beneficial for the treatment and management of glioma in the near future.
Collapse
|
3
|
¹H-NMR Metabolic Profiling, Antioxidant Activity, and Docking Study of Common Medicinal Plant-Derived Honey. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101880. [PMID: 36290603 PMCID: PMC9598149 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine ¹H-NMR profiling and antioxidant activity of the most common types of honey, namely, citrus honey (HC1) (Morcott tangerine L. and Jaffa orange L.), marjoram honey (HM1) (Origanum majorana L.), and clover honey (HT1) (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), compared to their secondary metabolites (HC2, HM2, HT2, respectively). By using a ¹H-NMR-based metabolomic technique, PCA, and PLS-DA multivariate analysis, we found that HC2, HM2, HC1, and HM1 were clustered together. However, HT1 and HT2 were quite far from these and each other. This indicated that HC1, HM1, HC2, and HM2 have similar chemical compositions, while HT1 and HT2 were unique in their chemical profiles. Antioxidation potentials were determined colorimetrically for scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS, ORAC, 5-LOX, and metal chelating activity in all honey extract samples and their secondary metabolites. Our results revealed that HC2 and HM2 possessed more antioxidant activities than HT2 in vitro. HC2 demonstrated the highest antioxidant effect in all assays, followed by HM2 (DPPH assay: IC50 2.91, 10.7 μg/mL; ABTS assay: 431.2, 210.24 at 50 ug/mL Trolox equivalent; ORAC assay: 259.5, 234.8 at 50 ug/mL Trolox equivalent; 5-LOX screening assay/IC50: 2.293, 6.136 ug/mL; and metal chelating activity at 50 ug/mL: 73.34526%, 63.75881% inhibition). We suggest that the presence of some secondary metabolites in HC and HM, such as hesperetin, linalool, and caffeic acid, increased the antioxidant activity in citrus and marjoram compared to clover honey.
Collapse
|
4
|
Shady NH, Soltane R, Maher SA, Saber EA, Elrehany MA, Mostafa YA, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR. Wound Healing and Antioxidant Capabilities of Zizyphus mauritiana Fruits: In-Vitro, In-Vivo, and Molecular Modeling Study. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111392. [PMID: 35684165 PMCID: PMC9183023 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
LC-HRMS-assisted chemical profiling of Zizyphus mauritiana fruit extract (ZFE) led to the dereplication of 28 metabolites. Furthermore, wound healing activity of ZFE in 24 adult male New Zealand Dutch strain albino rabbits was investigated in-vivo supported by histopathological investigation. Additionally, the molecular mechanism was studied through different in-vitro investigations as well as, studying both relative gene expression and relative protein expression patterns. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of ZFE extract was examined using two in-vitro assays including hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical scavenging activities that showed promising antioxidant potential. Topical application of the extract on excision wounds showed a significant increase in the wound healing rate (p < 0.001) in comparison to the untreated and MEBO®-treated groups, enhancing TGF-β1, VEGF, Type I collagen expression, and suppressing inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β). Moreover, an in silico molecular docking against TNFα, TGFBR1, and IL-1β showed that some of the molecules identified in ZFE can bind to the three wound-healing related protein actives sites. Additionally, PASS computational calculation of antioxidant activity revealed potential activity of three phenolic compounds (Pa score > 0.5). Consequently, ZFE may be a potential alternative medication helping wound healing owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan Hisham Shady
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Universities Zone, New Minia City 61111, Egypt;
| | - Raya Soltane
- Department of Basic Sciences, Adham University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Sherif A. Maher
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Universities Zone, New Minia City 61111, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.A.E.)
| | - Entesar Ali Saber
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt, Delegated to Deraya University, Universities Zone, New Minia City 61111, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud A. Elrehany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Universities Zone, New Minia City 61111, Egypt; (S.A.M.); (M.A.E.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Yaser A. Mostafa
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt;
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Universities Zone, New Minia City 61111, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +2-86-234-7759; Fax: +2-86-236-9075
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Warhi T, Elmaidomy AH, Selim S, Al-Sanea MM, Albqmi M, Mostafa EM, Ibrahim S, Ghoneim MM, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR. Bioactive Phytochemicals of Citrus reticulata Seeds—An Example of Waste Product Rich in Healthy Skin Promoting Agents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050984. [PMID: 35624850 PMCID: PMC9138151 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Egyptian mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco, F. Rutaceae) seeds afforded thirteen known compounds, 1–13. The structures of isolated compounds were assigned using 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS analyses. To characterize the pharmacological activity of these compounds, several integrated virtual screening-based and molecular dynamics simulation-based experiments were applied. As a result, compounds 2, 3 and 5 were putatively identified as hyaluronidase, xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitors. The subsequent in vitro testing was done to validate the in silico-based experiments to highlight the potential of these flavonoids as promising hyaluronidase, xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitors with IC50 values ranging from 6.39 ± 0.36 to 73.7 ± 2.33 µM. The present study shed light on the potential of Egyptian mandarin orange’s waste product (i.e., its seeds) as a skin health-promoting natural agent. Additionally, it revealed the applicability of integrated inverse docking-based virtual screening and MDS-based experiments in efficiently predicting the biological potential of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarfah Al-Warhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abeer H. Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
- Olive Research Center, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.-S.); (U.R.A.)
| | - Mha Albqmi
- Olive Research Center, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.I.)
| | - Ehab M. Mostafa
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University,
Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Sabouni Ibrahim
- Olive Research Center, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.); (S.I.)
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University,
Cairo 11884, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University,
Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt;
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, 7 Universities Zone, New Minia 61111, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.M.A.-S.); (U.R.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shipunova VO, Belova MM, Kotelnikova PA, Shilova ON, Mirkasymov AB, Danilova NV, Komedchikova EN, Popovtzer R, Deyev SM, Nikitin MP. Photothermal Therapy with HER2-Targeted Silver Nanoparticles Leading to Cancer Remission. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:1013. [PMID: 35631598 PMCID: PMC9145338 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles exhibiting the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon are promising tools for diagnostics and cancer treatment. Among widely used metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) possess the strongest light scattering and surface plasmon strength. However, the therapeutic potential of Ag NPs has until now been underestimated. Here we show targeted photothermal therapy of solid tumors with 35 nm HER2-targeted Ag NPs, which were produced by the green synthesis using an aqueous extract of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Light irradiation tests demonstrated effective hyperthermic properties of these NPs, namely heating by 10 °C in 10 min. To mediate targeted cancer therapy, Ag NPs were conjugated to the scaffold polypeptide, affibody ZHER2:342, which recognizes a clinically relevant oncomarker HER2. The conjugation was mediated by the PEG linker to obtain Ag-PEG-HER2 nanoparticles. Flow cytometry tests showed that Ag-PEG-HER2 particles successfully bind to HER2-overexpressing cells with a specificity comparable to that of full-size anti-HER2 IgGs. A confocal microscopy study showed efficient internalization of Ag-PEG-HER2 into cells in less than 2 h of incubation. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated effective cell death upon exposure to Ag-PEG-HER2 and irradiation, caused by the production of reactive oxygen species. Xenograft tumor therapy with Ag-PEG-HER2 particles in vivo resulted in full primary tumor regression and the prevention of metastatic spread. Thus, for the first time, we have shown that HER2-directed plasmonic Ag nanoparticles are effective sensitizers for targeted photothermal oncotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria O. Shipunova
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.M.B.); (M.P.N.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.K.); (O.N.S.); (A.B.M.); (S.M.D.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Per., 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
| | - Mariia M. Belova
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.M.B.); (M.P.N.)
| | - Polina A. Kotelnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.K.); (O.N.S.); (A.B.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Olga N. Shilova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.K.); (O.N.S.); (A.B.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Aziz B. Mirkasymov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.K.); (O.N.S.); (A.B.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Natalia V. Danilova
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 27/1 Lomonosovsky Ave., 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena N. Komedchikova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Per., 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
| | - Rachela Popovtzer
- Faculty of Engineering, Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel;
| | - Sergey M. Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117997 Moscow, Russia; (P.A.K.); (O.N.S.); (A.B.M.); (S.M.D.)
| | - Maxim P. Nikitin
- Department of Nanobiomedicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.M.B.); (M.P.N.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy Per., 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adeyemi JO, Oriola AO, Onwudiwe DC, Oyedeji AO. Plant Extracts Mediated Metal-Based Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Biological Applications. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050627. [PMID: 35625555 PMCID: PMC9138950 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The vastness of metal-based nanoparticles has continued to arouse much research interest, which has led to the extensive search and discovery of new materials with varying compositions, synthetic methods, and applications. Depending on applications, many synthetic methods have been used to prepare these materials, which have found applications in different areas, including biology. However, the prominent nature of the associated toxicity and environmental concerns involved in most of these conventional methods have limited their continuous usage due to the desire for more clean, reliable, eco-friendly, and biologically appropriate approaches. Plant-mediated synthetic approaches for metal nanoparticles have emerged to circumvent the often-associated disadvantages with the conventional synthetic routes, using bioresources that act as a scaffold by effectively reducing and stabilizing these materials, whilst making them biocompatible for biological cells. This capacity by plants to intrinsically utilize their organic processes to reorganize inorganic metal ions into nanoparticles has thus led to extensive studies into this area of biochemical synthesis and analysis. In this review, we examined the use of several plant extracts as a mediating agent for the synthesis of different metal-based nanoparticles (MNPs). Furthermore, the associated biological properties, which have been suggested to emanate from the influence of the diverse metabolites found in these plants, were also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry O. Adeyemi
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (J.O.A.); (A.O.O.)
| | - Ayodeji O. Oriola
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South Africa;
| | - Damian C. Onwudiwe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Mafikeng Campus, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Adebola O. Oyedeji
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5099, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (J.O.A.); (A.O.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sayed AM, El-Hawary SS, Abdelmohsen UR, Ghareeb MA. Antiproliferative potential of Physalis peruviana-derived magnolin against pancreatic cancer: a comprehensive in vitro and in silico study. Food Funct 2022; 13:11733-11743. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Physalis peruviana L. is a common edible fruit in Egypt and other regional countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt
| | - Seham S. El-Hawary
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia 61111, Egypt
| | - Mosad A. Ghareeb
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Kornaish El-Nile, Warrak El-Hadar, Imbaba (P.O. 30), Giza 12411, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|