1
|
Streekstra EJ, Keuper-Navis M, van den Heuvel JJMW, van den Broek P, Stommel MWJ, Bervoets S, O'Gorman L, Greupink R, Russel FGM, van de Steeg E, de Wildt SN. Human enteroid monolayers as a potential alternative for Ussing chamber and Caco-2 monolayers to study passive permeability and drug efflux. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 201:106877. [PMID: 39154715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
After oral administration, the intestine is the first site of drug absorption, making it a key determinant of the bioavailability of a drug, and hence drug efficacy and safety. Existing non-clinical models of the intestinal barrier in vitro often fail to mimic the barrier and absorption of the human intestine. We explore if human enteroid monolayers are a suitable tool for intestinal absorption studies compared to primary tissue (Ussing chamber) and Caco-2 cells. Bidirectional drug transport was determined in enteroid monolayers, fresh tissue (Ussing chamber methodology) and Caco-2 cells. Apparent permeability (Papp) and efflux ratios for enalaprilat (paracellular), propranolol (transcellular), talinolol (P-glycoprotein (P-gp)) and rosuvastatin (Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)) were determined and compared between all three methodologies and across intestinal regions. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed to compare gene expression between enteroid monolayers and primary tissue. All three models showed functional efflux transport by P-gp and BCRP with higher basolateral to apical (B-to-A) transport compared to apical-to-basolateral (A-to-B). B-to-A Papp values were similar for talinolol and rosuvastatin in tissue and enteroids. Paracellular transport of enalaprilat was lower and transcellular transport of propranolol was higher in enteroids compared to tissue. Enteroids appeared show more region- specific gene expression compared to tissue. Fresh tissue and enteroid monolayers both show active efflux by P-gp and BCRP in jejunum and ileum. Hence, the use of enteroid monolayers represents a promising and versatile experimental platform to complement current in vitro models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Streekstra
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen (Route 137), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marit Keuper-Navis
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J M W van den Heuvel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen (Route 137), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Petra van den Broek
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen (Route 137), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn W J Stommel
- Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Bervoets
- Radboudumc Technology Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Luke O'Gorman
- Radboudumc Technology Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rick Greupink
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen (Route 137), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen (Route 137), Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia N de Wildt
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen (Route 137), Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care, Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khan NA, Alvi A, Alqassim S, Akbar N, Khatoon B, Kawish M, Faizi S, Shah MR, Alawfi BS, Siddiqui R. Nanomedicine: Patuletin-conjugated with zinc oxide exhibit potent effects against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Biometals 2024:10.1007/s10534-024-00595-0. [PMID: 38705945 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-024-00595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
With the emergence of drug-resistance, there is a need for novel anti-bacterials or to enhance the efficacy of existing drugs. In this study, Patuletin (PA), a flavanoid was loaded onto Gallic acid modified Zinc oxide nanoparticles (PA-GA-ZnO), and evaluated for antibacterial properties against Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and Gram-negative (Samonella enterica and Escherichia coli) bacteria. Characterization of PA, GA-ZnO and PA-GA-ZnO' nanoparticles was accomplished utilizing fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, efficiency of drug entrapment, polydispersity index, zeta potential, size, and surface morphology analysis through atomic force microscopy. Using bactericidal assays, the results revealed that ZnO conjugation displayed remarkable effects and enhanced Patuletin's effects against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with the minimum inhibitory concentration observed at micromolar concentrations. Cytopathogenicity assays exhibited that the drug-nanoconjugates reduced bacterial-mediated human cell death with minimal side effects to human cells. When tested alone, drug-nanoconjugates tested in this study showed limited toxic effects against human cells in vitro. These are promising findings, but future work is needed to understand the molecular mechanisms of effects of drug-nanoconjugates against bacterial pathogens, in addition to in vivo testing to determine their translational value. This study suggests that Patuletin-loaded nano-formulation (PA-GA-ZnO) may be implicated in a multi-target mechanism that affects both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogen cell structures, however this needs to be ascertained in future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey.
| | - Adeelah Alvi
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, 505055, UAE
| | - Saif Alqassim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, 505055, UAE.
| | - Noor Akbar
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, UAE
| | - Bushra Khatoon
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kawish
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Faizi
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Raza Shah
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Bader S Alawfi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, , Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu H, Guo S, Wei S, Liu J, Tian B. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cyclodextrin-based oral drug delivery formulations for disease therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121763. [PMID: 38286540 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Oral drug administration has become the most common and preferred mode of disease treatment due to its good medication adherence and convenience. For orally administered drugs, the safety, efficacy, and targeting ability requirements have grown as disease treatment research advances. It is difficult to obtain prominent efficacy of traditional drugs simply via oral administration. Numerous studies have demonstrated that cyclodextrins (CDs) can improve the clinical applications of certain orally administered drugs by enhancing their water solubility and masking undesirable odors. Additionally, deeper studies have discovered that CDs can influence disease treatment by altering the drug pharmacokinetics (PK) or pharmacodynamics (PD). This review highlights recent research progress on the PK and PD effects of CD-based oral drug delivery in disease therapy. Firstly, the review describes the characteristics of current drug delivery modes in oral administration. Besides, we minutely summarized the different CD-containing drugs, focusing on the impact of CD-based alterations in PK or PD of orally administered drugs in treating diseases. Finally, we deeply discussed current challenges and future opportunities with regard to PK and PD of CD-based oral drug delivery formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Pharmacy Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Songlin Guo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Shijie Wei
- Pharmacy Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Jiayue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Bingren Tian
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Veider F, Haddadzadegan S, Sanchez Armengol E, Laffleur F, Kali G, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux by thiolated cyclodextrins. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121648. [PMID: 38171673 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Overcoming P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated efflux poses a significant challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. This study investigates the potential of thiolated β-cyclodextrins (β-CD-SHs) as inhibitors of P-gp-mediated efflux in Caco-2 cells. Through a series of transport assays, intracellular accumulation, and efflux of the P-gp substrates Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) and Calcein-AM with and without co-administration of β-CD-SHs were assessed. The results revealed that the cellular uptake of Rh123 and Calcein-AM were enhanced up to 7- and 3-fold, compared to the control, respectively. In efflux studies an up to 2.5-fold reduction of the Rh123 efflux was reached compared the control, indicating a substantial decrease of Rh123 efflux by β-CD-SHs. Furthermore, it was observed that β-CD-SHs led to a decrease in the reactivity of fluorescence-labeled anti-P-gp, suggesting additional effects on the conformation of P-gp. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of β-CD-SHs as effective modulator of P-gp-mediated drug efflux in Caco-2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florina Veider
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Soheil Haddadzadegan
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Eva Sanchez Armengol
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Gergely Kali
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun J, Gou J, Qin L, Liu T, Huang Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Liu C, Li Y. Screening of anti-functional dyspepsia compounds in Cynanchum auriculatum: A spectrum-effect relationship analysis, and ATP-binding cassette transporters inhibitor evaluation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:116867. [PMID: 37390880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a disorder caused by abnormal gut-brain axis regulation and is highly prevalent in China. Cynanchum auriculatum (CA) is often used to treat FD in the ethnic minority areas of Guizhou. Although several CA-based products are currently available in the market, it is unclear which components of CA are efficacious and what their oral absorption mechanism is. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to screen anti-FD components of CA based on the spectrum-effect relationship. In addition, the study evaluated the intestinal absorption mechanism of these components using transporter inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The fingerprinting of compounds from CA extract and plasma after oral administration was conducted using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The intestinal contractile parameters were then measured in vitro using the BL-420F Biofunctional Experiment System. Multivariate statistical analysis of the result of spectrum-effect relationship assessment was used to elucidate the correlation between prominent peaks of CA-containing plasma and intestinal contractile activity. The effect of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter inhibitors, such as the P-gp inhibitor verapamil, the MRR inhibitor indomethacin, and the BCRP inhibitor Ko143, on the directional transport of the predicted active ingredients was assessed in vivo. RESULTS Twenty chromatographic peaks were identified in the CA extract. Of these, three were C21 steroids, four were organic acids, and one was a coumarin, and acetophenone by comparing with reference compounds. Additionally, it is discovered that there are totally 39 migratory components in CA-containing plasma, which was found to significantly promote the contractility of the isolated duodenum. Moreover, multivariate analysis of the spectrum-effect relationship demonstrated that 16 characteristic peaks (3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 18, 21, m1-m4, m7, m15, and m24) in CA-containing plasma were significantly associated with the anti-FD effect. These compounds included seven prototype compounds, i.e., cynanoneside A, syringic acid, deacylmetaplexigenin, ferulic acid, scopoletin, baishouwubenzophenone, and qingyangshengenin. The inhibition of ABC transporters demonstrated that the inhibitors verapamil and Ko143 significantly increased (P < 0.05) the uptake of scopoletin and qingyangshengenin. Thus, these compounds may be substrates for P-gp and BCRP. CONCLUSIONS The potential anti-FD components of CA and the effect of ABC transporter inhibitors on these active components were preliminarily clarified. These findings lay a foundation for subsequent in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Jian Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Lan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China; School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, No.9, Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Yongjun Li
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ziółkowski H, Szteyn K, Jędrzkiewicz D, Rasiński B, Jaroszewski J. Tigecycline Absorption Improved by Selected Excipients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1111. [PMID: 37631025 PMCID: PMC10457872 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of (2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD), (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), sodium desoxycholate (SDOCH), trimethyl chitosan (TMC), and sodium caprate (C10) on the plasma concentration and the oral bioavailability of tigecycline in broiler chickens. To test the effects of the excipients on absorption of tigecycline, a tetracycline that is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, broiler chickens were used as an animal model. Tigecycline (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intravenously, orally, and orally with one of the excipients. Plasma samples were taken after administration. To measure tigecycline concentrations, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used. Compartmental and non-compartmental analyses were used for pharmacokinetic analyses of mean plasma concentrations versus time. With the exception of sodium caprate, all the excipients significantly increased the area under the curve and bioavailability of tigecycline (p < 0.05). These parameters were approximately doubled by HP-β-CD, TPGS, and SDOCH, with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the difference that included only increases of 1.5-fold or higher (bioavailability: control, 1.67%; HP-β-CD, 3.24%; TPGS, 3.30%; and SDOCH, 3.24%). The increases in these parameters were smaller with DM-β-CD and TMC (DM-β-CD, 2.41%; TMC, 2.55%), and the 95% CIs ranged from close to no difference to nearly double the values in the control group. These results indicate that HP-β-CD, TPGS, and SDOCH substantially increase the area under the curve and oral bioavailability of tigecycline. They suggest that DM-β-CD and TMC may also substantially increase these parameters, but more research is needed for more precise estimates of their effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Ziółkowski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Kalina Szteyn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Dawid Jędrzkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Rasiński
- Waters Spółka z Ograniczoną Odpowiedzialnością, Wybrzeże Gdyńskie 6B, 01-531 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Jerzy Jaroszewski
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland; (K.S.); (J.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nsairat H, Lafi Z, Al-Sulaibi M, Gharaibeh L, Alshaer W. Impact of nanotechnology on the oral delivery of phyto-bioactive compounds. Food Chem 2023; 424:136438. [PMID: 37244187 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an advanced field that has remarkable nutraceutical and food applications. Phyto-bioactive compounds (PBCs) play critical roles in promoting health and disease treatment. However, PBCs generally encounter several limitations that delay their widespread application. For example, most PBCs have low aqueous solubility, poor biostability, poor bioavailability, and a lack of target specificity. Moreover, the high concentrations of effective PBC doses also limit their application. As a result, encapsulating PBCs into an appropriate nanocarrier may increase their solubility and biostability and protect them from premature degradation. Moreover, nanoencapsulation could improve absorption and prolong circulation with a high opportunity for targeted delivery that may decrease unwanted toxicity. This review addresses the main parameters, variables, and barriers that control and affect oral PBC delivery. Moreover, this review discusses the potential role of biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarriers in improving the water solubility, chemical stability, bioavailability, and specificity/selectivity of PBCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan.
| | - Zainab Lafi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Mazen Al-Sulaibi
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Lobna Gharaibeh
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| |
Collapse
|