Fabrication and Characterization of Tedizolid Phosphate Nanocrystals for Topical Ocular Application: Improved Solubilization and In Vitro Drug Release

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of tedizolid nanoparticle incorporated buccal films for oromucosal infections

A novel tedizolid phosphate (TZP) nanoparticle (NP)-loaded buccal film formulation was developed for the treatment of buccal wounds infected with S. aureus. TZP-loaded chitosan NPs were produced and characterized to prepare this composite system. The optimum NP formulation was then loaded into mucoadhesive buccal films. The antibacterial effects of the obtained buccal films were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo studies. The optimum TZP-NP formulation (F8) had a particle size of 177.40 ± 2.97 nm and PDI and ZP values were 0.437 ± 0.002 and 33.9 ± 0.5, respectively. In antibacterial efficacy tests, the optimum NP containing buccal film formulation was used, which released approximately 90 % of TZP within 5 h. TZP-NP-loaded buccal films achieved a 3 log10 reduction in S. aureus within just 3 h. It was also administered to Wistar albino rats with S. aureus-infected buccal wounds. As a result of in vivo studies, a significant decrease in the number of S. aureus was detected in wound samples treated with TZP-NP-loaded buccal films. In addition, a complete inhibition of growth was observed on the fifth day of the film application. The current work suggested that the TZP-NP-loaded composite films could be promising candidates for effective and long-acting antibacterial treatment of buccal wounds.

Design of pH-responsive molecularly imprinted polymer as a carrier for controlled and sustainable capecitabine release

A molecularly imprinting polymer (MIP) carrier with pH-responsivity was designed to construct a drug delivery system (DDS) focusing on controlled and sustainable capecitabine (CAPE) release. The pH-responsive characteristic was achieved by the functionalization of SiO2 substrate with 4-formylphenylboronic acid, accompanied by the introduction of fluorescein isothiocyanate for the visualization of the intracellular localization of the nanocarrier. Experimental results indicated that CAPE was adsorbed onto the drug carrier with satisfactory encapsulation efficiency. The controlled release of CAPE was realized based on the break of borate ester bonds between -B(OH)2 and cis-diols in the weakly acidic environment. Density functional theory computations were conducted to investigate the adsorption/release mechanism. Moreover, in vitro experiments confirmed the good biocompatibility and ideal inhibition efficiency of the developed DDS. The MIP can act as an eligible carrier and exhibits the great potential in practical applications for tumor treatment.

Novel tetrahydrocurcumin integrated mucoadhesive nanocomposite κ-carrageenan/xanthan gum sponges: a strategy for effective local treatment of oral cancerous and precancerous lesions

Oral cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Oral precancerous lesions (OPL) are the precursors of oral cancer, with varying degrees of progression. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a major metabolite of curcumin with superior anticancer properties against various types of cancer. However, THC's clinical outcome is limited by its poor aqueous solubility. Herein, we developed novel mucoadhesive biopolymer-based composite sponges for buccal delivery of THC, exploiting nanotechnology and mucoadhesion for efficient prevention and treatment of oral cancer. Firstly, THC-nanocrystals (THC-NC) were formulated and characterized for subsequent loading into mucoadhesive composite sponges. The anticancer activity of THC-NC was assessed on a human tongue squamous carcinoma cell line (SCC-4). Finally, the chemopreventive activity of THC-NC loaded sponges (THC-NC-S) was examined in DMBA-induced hamster OPL. The selected THC-NC exhibited a particle size of 532.68 ± 13.20 nm and a zeta potential of -46.08 ± 1.12 mV. Moreover, THC-NC enhanced the anticancer effect against SCC-4 with an IC50 value of 80 µg/mL. THC-NC-S exhibited good mucoadhesion properties (0.24 ± 0.02 N) with sustained drug release, where 90% of THC was released over 4 days. Furthermore, THC-NC-S had a magnificent potential for maintaining high chemopreventive activity, as demonstrated by significant regression in the dysplasia degree and a decline in cyclin D1 (control: 40.4 ± 12.5, THC-NC-S: 12.07 ± 5.2), culminating in significant amelioration after 25 days of treatment. Conclusively, novel THC-NC-S represent a promising platform for local therapy of OPL, preventing their malignant transformation into cancer.

Analytical Methodologies for the Estimation of Oxazolidinone Antibiotics as Key Members of anti-MRSA Arsenal: A Decade in Review

Gram-positive bacterial infections are among the most serious diseases related with high mortality rates and huge healthcare costs especially with the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains that limits treatment options. Thus, development of new antibiotics combating these multi-drug resistant bacteria is crucial. Oxazolidinone antibiotics are the only totally synthetic group of antibiotics that showed activity against multi-drug resistant Gram positive bacteria including MRSA because of their unique mechanism of action in targeting protein synthesis. This group include approved marketed members (tedizolid, linezolid and contezolid) or those under development (delpazlolid, radezolid and sutezolid). Due to the significant impact of this class, larger number of analytical methods were required to meet the needs of both clinical and industrial studies. Analyzing these drugs either alone or with other antimicrobial agents commonly used in ICU, in the presence of pharmaceutical or endogenous biological interferences, or in the presence of matrix impurities as metabolites and degradation products poses a big analytical challenge. This review highlights current analytical approaches published in the last decade (2012-2022) that dealt with the determination of these drugs in different matrices and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. Various techniques have been described for their determination including chromatographic, spectroscopic, capillary electrophoretic and electroanalytical methods. The review comprises six sections (one for each drug) with their related tables that depict critical figures of merit and some experimental conditions for the reviewed methods. Furthermore, future perspectives about the analytical methodologies that can be developed in the near future for determination of these drugs are suggested.

Recent Advances of Ocular Drug Delivery Systems: Prominence of Ocular Implants for Chronic Eye Diseases

Chronic ocular diseases can seriously impact the eyes and could potentially result in blindness or serious vision loss. According to the most recent data from the WHO, there are more than 2 billion visually impaired people in the world. Therefore, it is pivotal to develop more sophisticated, long-acting drug delivery systems/devices to treat chronic eye conditions. This review covers several drug delivery nanocarriers that can control chronic eye disorders non-invasively. However, most of the developed nanocarriers are still in preclinical or clinical stages. Long-acting drug delivery systems, such as inserts and implants, constitute the majority of the clinically used methods for the treatment of chronic eye diseases due to their steady state release, persistent therapeutic activity, and ability to bypass most ocular barriers. However, implants are considered invasive drug delivery technologies, especially those that are nonbiodegradable. Furthermore, in vitro characterization approaches, although useful, are limited in mimicking or truly representing the in vivo environment. This review focuses on long-acting drug delivery systems (LADDS), particularly implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS), their formulation, methods of characterization, and clinical application for the treatment of eye diseases.

Nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of anterior segment eye diseases

Diseases affecting the anterior segment of the eye are the primary causes of vision impairment and blindness globally. Drug administration through the topical ocular route is widely accepted because of its user/patient friendliness - ease of administration and convenience. However, it remains a significant challenge to efficiently deliver drugs to the eye through this route because of various structural and physiological constraints that restrict the distribution of therapeutic molecules into the ocular tissues. The bioavailability of topically applied ocular medications such as eye drops is typically less than 5%. Developing novel delivery systems to increase the retention time on the ocular surfaces and permeation through the cornea is one of the approaches adopted to boost the bioavailability of topically administered medications. Drug delivery systems based on nanotechnology such as micelles, nanosuspensions, nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, liposomes, dendrimers, niosomes, cubosomes and nanowafers have been investigated as effective alternatives to conventional ocular delivery systems in treating diseases of the anterior segment of the eye. This review discussed different nanotechnology-based delivery systems that are currently investigated for treating and managing diseases affecting the anterior ocular tissues. We also looked at the challenges in translating these systems into clinical use and the prospects of nanocarriers as a vehicle for the delivery of phytoactive compounds to the anterior segment of the eye.

Perspectives of Positively Charged Nanocrystals of Tedizolid Phosphate as a Topical Ocular Application in Rabbits

The aim of this study was the successful utilization of the positively charged nanocrystals (NCs) of Tedizolid Phosphate (TZP) (0.1% w/v) for topical ocular applications. TZP belongs to the 1, 3-oxazolidine-2-one class of antibiotics and has therapeutic potential for the treatment of many drug-resistant bacterial infections, including eye infections caused by MRSA, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. However, its therapeutic usage is restricted due to its poor aqueous solubility and limited ocular availability. It is a prodrug and gets converted to Tedizolid (TDZ) by phosphatases in vivo. The sterilized NC₁ was subjected to antimicrobial testing on Gram-positive bacteria. Ocular irritation and pharmacokinetics were performed in rabbits. Around a 1.29 to 1.53-fold increase in antibacterial activity was noted for NC₁ against the B. subtilis, S. pneumonia, S. aureus and MRSA (SA-6538) as compared to the TZP-pure. The NC₁-AqS was “practically non-irritating” to rabbit eyes. There was around a 1.67- and 1.43 fold increase in t_1/2 (h) and C_max (ngmL⁻¹) while there were 1.96-, 1.91-, 2.69- and 1.41-times increases in AUC_0–24h,AUC_0–∞,AUMC_0–∞ and MRT_0–∞, respectively, which were found by NC₁ as compared to TZP-AqS in the ocular pharmacokinetic study. The clearance of TDZ was faster (11.43 mLh⁻¹) from TZP-AqS as compared to NC₁ (5.88 mLh⁻¹). Relatively, an extended half-life (t_1/2; 4.45 h) of TDZ and the prolonged ocular retention (MRT_0–∞; 7.13 h) of NC₁ was found, while a shorter half-life (t_1/2; 2.66 h) of TDZ and MRT_0–∞(t_1/2; 5.05 h)was noted for TZP-AqS, respectively. Cationic TZP-NC₁ could offer increased transcorneal permeation, which could mimic the improved ocular bioavailability of the drug in vivo. Conclusively, NC₁ of TZP was identified as a promising substitute for the ocular delivery of TZP, with better performance as compared to its conventional AqS.