A Mathematical Approach Using Strat-M® to Predict the Percutaneous Absorption of Chemicals under Finite Dose Conditions

In vitro skin permeation of flavonoid esters enzymatically derived from natural oils: release mechanism from gel emulsion, stability, and dermatological compatibility

Due to their broad spectrum of biological activities and attractive pharmacological properties, flavonoids are very promising molecules for application in skin care products. In this study, phloridzin and naringin medium- and long-chain fatty acid esters were enzymatically synthesized in reaction with natural oils (coconut and linseed oil) and in vitro transdermal delivery of synthesized esters through artificial Strat-M® membrane was investigated. Experimental results were succesfully fitted using Peppas and Sahlin model which includes the lag phase. Release kinetics of all examined flavonoid esters from gel emulsions through the membrane depended on both diffusion and polymer relaxation effect (0.5 Collapse

Key Words

• Flavonoids
• Strat® M
• enzymatic esterification
• natural oils
• skin permeation

Collapse

MESH Headings

• Emulsions
• Skin Absorption/drug effects
• Esters/chemistry
• Flavonoids/administration & dosage
• Flavonoids/pharmacokinetics
• Flavonoids/chemistry
• Gels
• Skin/metabolism
• Administration, Cutaneous
• Plant Oils/chemistry
• Animals

Collapse

Grants Collapse

Affiliation(s)

Ana Milivojević Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Marija Ćorović Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Anja Petrov Ivanković Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
Milica Simović Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Katarina Banjanac Innovation Center of Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
Rada Pjanović Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Dejan Bezbradica Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

Collapse

Preparation, Physicochemical Characterization, and Stability Study of Lippia origanoides Essential Oil-based Nanoemulsion as a Topical Delivery System

INTRODUCTION

Fungal diseases are a priority in research, development, and health care, according to the WHO, mainly due to Candida spp. Essential oils (EOs) of the genus Lippia have demonstrated broad antimicrobial biological activity. Previous studies identified the anti-Candida potential of a thymol/p-cymene chemotype EO from Lippia origanoides H.B.K coded "0018". Nanoemulsions favor the biological activity of EOs and overcome limitations such as low solubility, instability against oxidizing agents, pH, light, and low permeability. To develop, characterize, and adjust a prototype of an O/W nanoemulsion containing the "0018" EO from Lippia origanoides for its evaluation in an in vitro permeability study.

METHODS

Nanoemulsions were obtained using a high energy high shear method. Their particle size distribution, Z potential, viscosity, pH, encapsulation efficiency (EE), thermodynamic stability and the Turbiscan Stability Index (TSI) were evaluated. The nanoemulsion prototype was adjusted to improve performance characteristics and microbiological efficacy. Thymol was used as an analyte in the EO quantification using UHPLC-DAD.

RESULTS

An O/W nanoemulsion with hydrodynamic diameter <200 nm and polydispersity index <0.3, EE >95%, with TSI < 1.5, anti-Candida albicans efficiency >95% was obtained; permeable with a flow of 6.0264 μg/cm2/h and permeability coefficient of 1.3170x10-3 cm/h.

CONCLUSION

A pharmaceutical formulation prototype is obtained that maintains the physical and physicochemical characteristics over time. Permeability is verified in an in-vitro model. It is proposed to evaluate its antifungal activity in preclinical or clinical studies as a contribution to the treatment of topical fungal diseases caused by Candida spp., through the use of biological resources and Colombian biodiversity.

Development of a tadalafil transdermal formulation and evaluation of its ability to in vitro transdermal permeate using Strat-M® membrane

Tadalafil (TDF) has low water solubility, high intestinal permeability and belongs to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II. Due to high intestinal permeability, only oral administration (tablets) and oral thin film formulations have been developed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop various formulations, such as external formulations and transdermal absorption formulations requested by patients. The purpose of this study is to improve the solubility and skin permeability of TDF, and to develop a novel transdermal formulation with secured stability over time. The research strategy is to determine solvents that will improve TDF solubility and to screen substances that will enhance TDF permeability. Skin penetration tests were simulated by using a Strat-M® membrane in Franz diffusion cell systems. The optimal formulation (F1, consisting of TDF/HDTMA-Br at a ratio of 1:10 [weight/weight] in DPG) observed the highest permeability compared to all formulations in PBS (pH 7.4). Changes in thermal property of F1 formulation was observed and maintained its stability over 12 months including drug content (μg/mL), appearance, pH, and permeation (μg/cm2). In conclusion, DPG played a supported role in improving both TDF solubilization and permeability, whereas HDTMA-Br played a key role in enhancing permeability. It is thought that these results will be supplemented in the future to conduct research and experiments on humans.

Emulsion-Based Gel Loaded with Ibuprofen and Its Derivatives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vehicle and chemical modifications of the structure of active compounds on the skin permeation and accumulation of ibuprofen (IBU). As a result, semi-solid formulations in the form of an emulsion-based gel loaded with ibuprofen and its derivatives, such as sodium ibuprofenate (IBUNa) and L-phenylalanine ethyl ester ibuprofenate ([PheOEt][IBU]), were developed. The properties of the obtained formulations were examined, including density, refractive index, viscosity, and particle size distribution. The parameters of release and permeability through the pig skin of the active substances contained in the obtained semi-solid formulations were determined. The results indicate that an emulsion-based gel enhanced the skin penetration of IBU and its derivatives compared to two commercial preparations in the form of a gel and a cream. The average cumulative mass of IBU after a 24 h permeation test from an emulsion-based gel formulation through human skin was 1.6-4.0 times higher than for the commercial products. Ibuprofen derivatives were evaluated as chemical penetration enhancers. After 24 h of penetration, the cumulative mass was 1086.6 ± 245.8 for IBUNa and 948.6 ± 87.5 µg IBU/cm2 for [PheOEt][IBU], respectively. This study demonstrates the perspective of the transdermal emulsion-based gel vehicle in conjunction with the modification of the drug as a potentially faster drug delivery system.

Preparation, Characterization and Permeation Study of Topical Gel Loaded with Transfersomes Containing Asiatic Acid

The objective of this study is to investigate the in vitro permeation of asiatic acid (AA) in the form of a topical gel after entrapment in transfersomes by Franz diffusion cells. Transfersomes composed of soybean lecithin and three different edge activators including Tween 80 (TW80), Span 80 (SP80) and sodium deoxycholate (SDC) at the ratio of 50:50, 90:10 and 90:10, respectively, together with 0.3% w/w of AA, were prepared by a high-pressure homogenization technique and further incorporated in gels (TW80AATG, SP80AATG and SDCAATG). All transfersomal gels were characterized for their AA contents, dynamic viscosity, pH and homogeneity. Results revealed that the AA content, dynamic viscosity and pH of the prepared transfersomal gels ranged from 0.272 ± 0.006 to 0.280 ± 0.005% w/w, 812.21 ± 20.22 to 1222.76 ± 131.99 Pa.s and 5.94 ± 0.03 to 7.53 ± 0.03, respectively. TW80AATG gave the highest percentage of AA penetration and flux into the Strat-M^® membrane at 8 h (8.53 ± 1.42% and 0.024 ± 0.008 mg/cm²/h, respectively) compared to SP80AATG (8.00 ± 1.70% and 0.019 ± 0.010 mg/cm²/h, respectively), SDCAATG (4.80 ± 0.50% and 0.014 ± 0.004 mg/cm²/h, respectively), non-transfersomal gels (0.73 ± 0.44 to 3.13 ± 0.46% and 0.002 ± 0.001 to 0.010 ± 0.002 mg/cm²/h, respectively) and hydroethanolic AA solution in gel (1.18 ± 0.76% and 0.004 ± 0.003 mg/cm²/h, respectively). These findings indicate that the TW80AATG might serve as a lead formulation for further development toward scar prevention and many types of skin disorders.