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Simko P, Leskanicova A, Suvakova-Nunhart M, Koval J, Zidekova N, Karasova M, Majerova P, Verboova L, Blicharova A, Kertys M, Barvik I, Kovac A, Kiskova T. The First In Vivo Study Shows That Gyrophoric Acid Changes Behavior of Healthy Laboratory Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6782. [PMID: 38928485 PMCID: PMC11203575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Gyrophoric acid (GA), a lichen secondary metabolite, has attracted more attention during the last years because of its potential biological effects. Until now, its effect in vivo has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of our study was to evaluate the basic physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of GA, which are directly associated with its biological activities. The stability of the GA in various pH was assessed by conducting repeated UV-VIS spectral measurements. Microsomal stability in rat liver microsomes was performed using Ultra-Performance LC/MS. Binding to human serum albumin (HSA) was assessed using synchronous fluorescence spectra, and molecular docking analysis was used to reveal the binding site of GA to HSA. In the in vivo experiment, 24 Sprague-Dawley rats (Velaz, Únetice, Czech Republic) were used. The animals were divided as follows. The first group (n = 6) included healthy males as control intact rats (♂INT), and the second group (n = 6) included healthy females as controls (♀INT). Groups three and four (♂GA/n = 6 and ♀GA/n = 6) consisted of animals with daily administered GA (10 mg/kg body weight) in an ethanol-water solution per os for a one-month period. We found that GA remained stable under various pH and temperature conditions. It bonded to human serum albumin with the binding constant 1.788 × 106 dm3mol-1 to reach the target tissue via this mechanism. In vivo, GA did not influence body mass gain, food, or fluid intake during the experiment. No liver toxicity was observed. However, GA increased the rearing frequency in behavioral tests (p < 0.01) and center crossings in the elevated plus-maze (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, the time spent in the open arm was prolonged (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). Notably, GA was able to pass through the blood-brain barrier, indicating its ability to permeate into the brain and to stimulate neurogenesis in the hilus and subgranular zone of the hippocampus. These observations highlight the potential role of GA in influencing brain function and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Simko
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.S.); (A.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Andrea Leskanicova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.S.); (A.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Maria Suvakova-Nunhart
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Koval
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.S.); (A.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Nela Zidekova
- Biomedical Center Martin (BioMed), Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, 841 99 Bratislava, Slovakia; (N.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Martina Karasova
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosic, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Ludmila Verboova
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (L.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Alzbeta Blicharova
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (L.V.); (A.B.)
| | - Martin Kertys
- Biomedical Center Martin (BioMed), Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University, 841 99 Bratislava, Slovakia; (N.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Ivan Barvik
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Terezia Kiskova
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia; (P.S.); (A.L.); (J.K.)
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Moos T, Thomsen MS, Burkhart A, Hede E, Laczek B. Targeted transport of biotherapeutics at the blood-brain barrier. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1823-1838. [PMID: 38059358 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2292697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The treatment of neurological diseases is significantly hampered by the lack of available therapeutics. A major restraint for the development of drugs is denoted by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which precludes the transfer of biotherapeutics to the brain due to size restraints. AREAS COVERED Novel optimism for transfer of biotherapeutics to the brain has been generated via development of targeted therapeutics to nutrient transporters expressed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs). Targeting approaches with antibodies acting as biological drug carriers allow for proteins and genetic material to enter the brain, and qualified therapy using targeted proteins for protein replacement has been observed in preclinical models and now emerging in the clinic. Viral vectors denote an alternative for protein delivery to the brain by uptake and transduction of BCECs, or by transport through the BBB leading to neuronal transduction. EXPERT OPINION The breaching of the BBB to large molecules has opened for treatment of diseases in the brain. A sturdier understanding of how biotherapeutics undergo transport through the BBB and how successful transport into the brain can be monitored is required to further improve the translation from successful preclinical studies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Moos
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Maj Schneider Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Annette Burkhart
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Eva Hede
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Bartosz Laczek
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Singh S, Agrawal M, Vashist R, Patel RK, Sangave SD, Alexander A. Recent advancements on in vitro blood-brain barrier model: A reliable and efficient screening approach for preclinical and clinical investigation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1839-1857. [PMID: 38100459 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2295940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The efficiency of brain therapeutics is greatly hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB's protective function, selective permeability, and dynamic functionality maintain the harmony between the brain and peripheral region. Thus, the design of any novel drug carrier system requires the complete study and investigation of BBB permeability, efflux transport, and the effect of associated cellular and non-vascular unit trafficking on BBB penetrability. The in vitro BBB models offer a most promising, and reliable mode of initial investigation of BBB permeability and associated factors as strong evidence for further preclinical and clinical investigation. AREA COVERED This review work covers the structure and functions of BBB components and different types of in vitro BBB models along with factors affecting BBB model development and model selection criteria. EXPERT OPINION In vivo models assume to reciprocate the physiological environment to the maximum extent. However, the interspecies variability, NVUs trafficking, dynamic behavior of BBB, etc., lead to non-reproducible results. The in vitro models are comparatively less complex, and flexible, as per the study design, could generate substantial evidence and help identify suitable in vivo animal model selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Mukta Agrawal
- School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mahbubnagar, India
| | - Rajat Vashist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | - Rohit K Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
| | | | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, India
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Pardridge WM. Advanced Blood-Brain Barrier Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010093. [PMID: 36678722 PMCID: PMC9866552 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue of Pharmaceutics, "Advanced Blood-Brain Barrier Drug Delivery," comprises 16 articles or reviews, which cover a cross-section of brain drug delivery for either small-molecule or large-molecule therapeutics [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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