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Kalinova R, Videv P, Petrova S, Doumanov J, Dimitrov I. Poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-Grafted Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Micelles Co-Loaded with Quercetin and DNA. Molecules 2024; 29:2540. [PMID: 38893415 PMCID: PMC11173910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The synergistic effect of drug and gene delivery is expected to significantly improve cancer therapy. However, it is still challenging to design suitable nanocarriers that are able to load simultaneously anticancer drugs and nucleic acids due to their different physico-chemical properties. In the present work, an amphiphilic block copolymer comprising a biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) block and a multi-alkyne-functional biodegradable polycarbonate (PC) block was modified with a number of poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) side chains applying the highly efficient azide-alkyne "click" chemistry reaction. The resulting cationic amphiphilic copolymer with block and graft architecture (MPEG-b-(PC-g-PDMAEMA)) self-associated in aqueous media into nanosized micelles which were loaded with the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer drug quercetin. The drug-loaded nanoparticles were further used to form micelleplexes in aqueous media through electrostatic interactions with DNA. The obtained nanoaggregates-empty and drug-loaded micelles as well as the micelleplexes intended for simultaneous DNA and drug codelivery-were physico-chemically characterized. Additionally, initial in vitro evaluations were performed, indicating the potential application of the novel polymer nanocarriers as drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radostina Kalinova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 103-A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Pavel Videv
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.V.); (S.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Svetla Petrova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.V.); (S.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Jordan Doumanov
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.V.); (S.P.); (J.D.)
| | - Ivaylo Dimitrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Akad. G. Bonchev St., Bl. 103-A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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De Caro L, Stoll T, Grandeury A, Gozzo F, Giannini C. Characterization of Surfactant Spheroidal Micelle Structure for Pharmaceutical Applications: A Novel Analytical Framework. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:604. [PMID: 38794266 PMCID: PMC11125155 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We introduce an innovative theoretical framework tailored for the analysis of Pair Distribution Function (PDF) data derived from Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) measurements of core-shell micelles. The new approach involves the exploitation of the first derivative of the PDF and the derivation of analytical equations to solve the core-shell micelle structure under the hypothesis of a spheroidal shape. These analytical equations enable us to determine the micelle's aggregation number, degree of ellipticity, and contrast in electron density between the core-shell and shell-buffer regions after having determined the whole micelle size and its shell size from the analysis of the first derivative of the PDF. We have formulated an overdetermined system of analytical equations based on the unknowns that characterize the micelle structure. This allows us to establish a Figure of Merit, which is utilized to identify the most reliable solution within the system of equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberato De Caro
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Thibaud Stoll
- Excelsus Structural Solutions (Swiss) AG, Park Innovaare, Parkstrasse 1, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland; (T.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Arnaud Grandeury
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Material Science, Novartis Campus, Virchow 6.3.231, 4056 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Fabia Gozzo
- Excelsus Structural Solutions (Swiss) AG, Park Innovaare, Parkstrasse 1, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland; (T.S.); (F.G.)
| | - Cinzia Giannini
- Istituto di Cristallografia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Amendola 122/O, 70125 Bari, Italy;
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3
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Sontakke A, Dighe S, Sharma R, Yadav V, Jain S. Harnessing the potential of fatty Acid-Surfactant-Based micellar gel for enhanced topical delivery of Apremilast in psoriasis treatment. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124026. [PMID: 38518872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Apremilast (APR) is a potent anti-psoriatic agent that inhibits the phosphodiesterase 4 enzyme. Due to the poor oral bioavailability and associated systemic side effects the clinical applicability of APR has been constrained. Nanotechnology-based carrier system presents a novel option to increase the efficacy of the topical treatment of APR. The current investigation deals with the development of fatty acid-surfactant conjugate-based hybrid mixed micellar gel (HMMG) for the topical delivery of APR. The developed micelles exhibited an average size of 83.59 ± 4.46 nm, PDI of 0.239 ± 0.047, % entrapment efficiency of ∼ 94.78 ± 3.98 %, with % practical drug loading of ∼11.37 ± 3.14 %. TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of micelles. The hybrid micelles were further loaded in a carbopol®934P gel base for ease of application. Ex vivo permeation study revealed enhanced permeation and ∼ 38-fold higher retention in deeper layers of skin from a hybrid micellar gel. In vivo, assessment demonstrated augmented efficacy of APR-HMMG as compared to 0.1 % betamethasone valerate. Also, APR-HMMG showed no sign of irritation, suggesting superior safety as a topical application. Thus, the proposed formulation strategy represents a viable avenue for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of various anti-psoriatic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sontakke
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sayali Dighe
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Reena Sharma
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Vivek Yadav
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
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4
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Bartusik-Aebisher D, Mytych W, Dynarowicz K, Myśliwiec A, Machorowska-Pieniążek A, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Aebisher D. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Breast Cancer Tissue In Vitro after PDT Therapy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:563. [PMID: 38473036 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used in modern medicine. It has found application in the treatment of breast cancer. The most common cancer among women is breast cancer. We collected cancer cells from the breast from the material received after surgery. We focused on tumors that were larger than 10 mm in size. Breast cancer tissues for this quantitative non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study could be seen macroscopically. The current study aimed to present findings on quantitative non-contrast MRI of breast cancer cells post-PDT through the evaluation of relaxation times. The aim of this work was to use and optimize a 1.5 T MRI system. MRI tests were performed using a clinical scanner, namely the OPTIMA MR360 manufactured by General Electric HealthCare. The work included analysis of T1 and T2 relaxation times. This analysis was performed using the MATLAB package (produced by MathWorks). The created application is based on medical MRI images saved in the DICOM3.0 standard. T1 and T2 measurements were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk test, which showed that both samples belonged to a normal distribution, so a parametric t-test for dependent samples was used to test for between-sample variability. The study included 30 sections tested in 2 stages, with consistent technical parameters. For T1 measurements, 12 scans were performed with varying repetition times (TR) and a constant echo time (TE) of 3 ms. For T2 measurements, 12 scans were performed with a fixed repetition time of 10,000 ms and varying echo times. After treating samples with PpIX disodium salt and bubbling with pure oxygen, PDT irradiation was applied. The cell relaxation time after therapy was significantly shorter than the cell relaxation time before PDT. The cells were exposed to PpIX disodium salt as the administered pharmacological substance. The study showed that the therapy significantly affected tumor cells, which was confirmed by a significant reduction in tumor cell relaxation time on the MRI results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Mytych
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Angelika Myśliwiec
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15 Street, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
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5
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Niesyto K, Keihankhadiv S, Mazur A, Mielańczyk A, Neugebauer D. Ionic Liquid-Based Polymer Matrices for Single and Dual Drug Delivery: Impact of Structural Topology on Characteristics and In Vitro Delivery Efficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1292. [PMID: 38279291 PMCID: PMC10816880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Previously reported amphiphilic linear and graft copolymers, derived from the ionic liquid [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride (TMAMA_Cl‾), along with their conjugates obtained through modification either before or after polymerization with p-aminosalicylate anions (TMAMA_PAS‾), were employed as matrices in drug delivery systems (DDSs). Based on the counterion type in TMAMA units, they were categorized into single drug systems, manifesting as ionic polymers with chloride counterions and loaded isoniazid (ISO), and dual drug systems, featuring ISO loaded in self-assembled PAS conjugates. The amphiphilic nature of these copolymers was substantiated through the determination of the critical micelle concentration (CMC), revealing an increase in values post-ion exchange (from 0.011-0.063 mg/mL to 0.027-0.181 mg/mL). The self-assembling properties were favorable for ISO encapsulation, with drug loading content (DLC) ranging between 15 and 85% in both single and dual systems. In vitro studies indicated ISO release percentages between 16 and 61% and PAS release percentages between 20 and 98%. Basic cytotoxicity assessments using the 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test affirmed the non-toxicity of the studied systems toward human non-tumorigenic lung epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) cell lines, particularly in the case of dual systems bearing both ISO and PAS simultaneously. These results confirmed the effectiveness of polymeric carriers in drug delivery, demonstrating their potential for co-delivery in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dorota Neugebauer
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (K.N.); (S.K.); (A.M.); (A.M.)
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Gianessi L, Magini A, Dominici R, Giovagnoli S, Dolcetta D. A Stable Micellar Formulation of RAD001 for Intracerebroventricular Delivery and the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17478. [PMID: 38139306 PMCID: PMC10744130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence, replicated in many mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), supports the therapeutic efficacy of the oral mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTOR-Is). Our preliminary data show that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of everolimus (RAD001) soon after clinical onset greatly diminished cognitive impairment and the intracellular beta amyloid and neurofibrillary tangle load. However, RAD001 shows >90% degradation after 7 days in solution at body temperature, thus hampering the development of proper therapeutic regimens for patients. To overcome such a drawback, we developed a stable, liquid formulation of mTOR-Is by loading RAD001 into distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine-polyethylene glycol 2000 (DSPE-PEG2000) micelles using the thin layer evaporation method. The formulation showed efficient encapsulation of RAD001 and a homogeneous colloidal size and stabilised RAD001, with over 95% of activity preserved after 14 days at 37 °C with a total decay only occurring after 98 days. RAD001-loaded DSPE-PEG2000 micelles were unchanged when stored at 4 and 25 °C over the time period investigated. The obtained formulation may represent a suitable platform for expedited clinical translation and effective therapeutic regimens in AD and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gianessi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy (S.G.)
| | | | - Roberto Dominici
- Department of Biochemistry, Desio Hospital, ASST-Brianza, 20832 Desio, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovagnoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy (S.G.)
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7
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Wang N, Wang H, Weng D, Wang Y, Yu L, Wang F, Zhang T, Liu J, He Z. Nanomaterials for small diameter vascular grafts: overview and outlook. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6751-6767. [PMID: 38059025 PMCID: PMC10696638 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Small-diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) cannot meet current clinical demands owing to their suboptimal long-term patency rate. Various materials have been employed to address this issue, including nanomaterials (NMs), which have demonstrated exceptional capabilities and promising application potentials. In this review, the utilization of NMs in different forms, including nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nanofilms, in the SDVG field is discussed, and future perspectives for the development of NM-loading SDVGs are highlighted. It is expected that this review will provide helpful information to scholars in the innovative interdiscipline of cardiovascular disease treatment and NM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- The Clinical Stem Cell Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Haoyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563006 Guizhou China
- The Second Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Dong Weng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Yanyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Limei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- The Clinical Stem Cell Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563006 Guizhou China
- The Second Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004 Guizhou China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- The Clinical Stem Cell Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- The Clinical Stem Cell Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
| | - Zhixu He
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- The Clinical Stem Cell Research Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- The First Clinical Institute, Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University Zunyi 563003 Guizhou China
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Sharma R, Shrivastava P, Gautam L, Agrawal U, Mohana Lakshmi S, Vyas SP. Rationally designed block copolymer-based nanoarchitectures: An emerging paradigm for effective drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103786. [PMID: 37742910 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Various polymeric materials have been investigated to produce unique modes of delivery for drug modules to achieve either temporal or spatial control of bioactives delivery. However, after intravenous administration, phagocytic cells quickly remove these nanostructures from the systemic circulation via the reticuloendothelial system (RES). To overcome these concerns, ecofriendly block copolymers are increasingly being investigated as innovative carriers for the delivery of bioactives. In this review, we discuss the design, fabrication techniques, and recent advances in the development of block copolymers and their applications as drug carrier systems to improve the physicochemical and pharmacological attributes of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Sharma
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, MP 474005, India
| | - Priya Shrivastava
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India
| | - Laxmikant Gautam
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India; Babulal Tarabai Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Sagar, M.P., 470228
| | - Udita Agrawal
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India
| | - S Mohana Lakshmi
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, MP 474005, India
| | - Suresh P Vyas
- Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, MP 470003, India.
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Domingues C, Jarak I, Veiga F, Dourado M, Figueiras A. Pediatric Drug Development: Reviewing Challenges and Opportunities by Tracking Innovative Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2431. [PMID: 37896191 PMCID: PMC10610377 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of pediatric drug development has been evolving in a "carrot-and-stick"-based tactic to address population-specific issues. However, the off-label prescription of adult medicines to pediatric patients remains a feature of clinical practice, which may compromise the age-appropriate evaluation of treatments. Therefore, the United States and the European Pediatric Formulation Initiative have recommended applying nanotechnology-based delivery systems to tackle some of these challenges, particularly applying inorganic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanoparticles. Connected with these, advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) have also been highlighted, with optimistic perspectives for the pediatric population. Despite the results achieved using these innovative therapies, a workforce that congregates pediatric patients and/or caregivers, healthcare stakeholders, drug developers, and physicians continues to be of utmost relevance to promote standardized guidelines for pediatric drug development, enabling a fast lab-to-clinical translation. Therefore, taking into consideration the significance of this topic, this work aims to compile the current landscape of pediatric drug development by (1) outlining the historic regulatory panorama, (2) summarizing the challenges in the development of pediatric drug formulation, and (3) delineating the advantages/disadvantages of using innovative approaches, such as nanomedicines and ATMPs in pediatrics. Moreover, some attention will be given to the role of pharmaceutical technologists and developers in conceiving pediatric medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Domingues
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation (i3s), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marília Dourado
- Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Health Studies and Research of the University of Coimbra (CEISUC), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Studies and Development of Continuous and Palliative Care (CEDCCP), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Figueiras
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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10
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Toncheva-Moncheva N, Dimitrov E, Grancharov G, Momekova D, Petrov P, Rangelov S. Cinnamyl-Modified Polyglycidol/Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Block Copolymer Nanocarriers for Enhanced Encapsulation and Prolonged Release of Cannabidiol. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2128. [PMID: 37631342 PMCID: PMC10459144 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the development of novel block copolymer nanocarriers of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), designed to enhance the solubility of the drug in water while achieving high encapsulation efficiency and prolonged drug release. Firstly, a well-defined amphiphilic block copolymer consisting of two outer hydrophilic polyglycidol (PG) blocks and a middle hydrophobic block of poly(ε-caprolactone) bearing pendant cinnamyl moieties (P(CyCL-co-CL)) were synthesized by the click coupling reaction of PG-monoalkyne and P(CyCL-co-CL)-diazide functional macroreagents. A non-modified polyglycidol/poly(ε-caprolactone) amphiphilic block copolymer was obtained as a referent system. Micellar carriers based on the two block copolymers were formed via the solvent evaporation method and loaded with CBD following two different protocols-loading during micelle formation and loading into preformed micelles. The key parameters/characteristics of blank and CBD-loaded micelles such as size, size distribution, zeta potential, molar mass, critical micelle concentration, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency were determined by using dynamic and static multiangle and electrophoretic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Embedding CBD into the micellar carriers affected their hydrodynamic radii to some extent, while the spherical morphology of particles was not changed. The nanoformulation based on the copolymer bearing cinnamyl moieties possessed significantly higher encapsulation efficiency and a slower rate of drug release than the non-modified copolymer. The comparative assessment of the antiproliferative effect of micellar CBD vs. the free drug against the acute myeloid leukemia-derived HL-60 cell line and Sezary Syndrome HUT-78 demonstrated that the newly developed systems have pronounced antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Toncheva-Moncheva
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Akad. G. Bonchev” Street., bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.D.); (G.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Erik Dimitrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Akad. G. Bonchev” Street., bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.D.); (G.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Georgi Grancharov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Akad. G. Bonchev” Street., bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.D.); (G.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Denitsa Momekova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav Street, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Petar Petrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Akad. G. Bonchev” Street., bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.D.); (G.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Stanislav Rangelov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Akad. G. Bonchev” Street., bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.D.); (G.G.); (P.P.)
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11
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Gergely LP, Yüceel Ç, İşci Ü, Spadin FS, Schneider L, Spingler B, Frenz M, Dumoulin F, Vermathen M. Comparing PVP and Polymeric Micellar Formulations of a PEGylated Photosensitizing Phthalocyanine by NMR and Optical Techniques. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4165-4183. [PMID: 37493236 PMCID: PMC10410667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are ideal candidates as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer due to their favorable chemical and photophysical properties. However, their tendency to form aggregates in water reduces PDT efficacy and poses challenges in obtaining efficient forms of phthalocyanines for therapeutic applications. In the current work, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and micellar formulations were compared for encapsulating and monomerizing a water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine bearing four non-peripheral triethylene glycol chains (Pc1). 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that Pc1 exists as a mixture of regioisomers in monomeric form in dimethyl sulfoxide but forms dimers in an aqueous buffer. PVP, polyethylene glycol castor oil (Kolliphor RH40), and three different triblock copolymers with varying proportions of polyethylene and polypropylene glycol units (termed P188, P84, and F127) were tested as micellar carriers for Pc1. 1H NMR chemical shift analysis, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, and 2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy was applied to monitor the encapsulation and localization of Pc1 at the polymer interface. Kolliphor RH40 and F127 micelles exhibited the highest affinity for encapsulating Pc1 in the micellar core and resulted in intense Pc1 fluorescence emission as well as efficient singlet oxygen formation along with PVP. Among the triblock copolymers, efficiency in binding and dimer dissolution decreased in the order F127 > P84 > P188. PVP was a strong binder for Pc1. However, Pc1 molecules are rather surface-attached and exist as monomer and dimer mixtures. The results demonstrate that NMR combined with optical spectroscopy offer powerful tools to assess parameters like drug binding, localization sites, and dynamic properties that play key roles in achieving high host-guest compatibility. With the corresponding adjustments, polymeric micelles can offer simple and easily accessible drug delivery systems optimizing phthalocyanines' properties as efficient photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea P. Gergely
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Çiğdem Yüceel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Gebze Technical
University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ümit İşci
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Marmara
University, Faculty of Technology, Department
of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | | | - Lukas Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Dumoulin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Department, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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12
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Li X, Li X, Yang J, Du Y, Chen L, Zhao G, Ye T, Zhu Y, Xu X, Deng L, Cui W. In Situ Sustained Macrophage-Targeted Nanomicelle-Hydrogel Microspheres for Inhibiting Osteoarthritis. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0131. [PMID: 37223475 PMCID: PMC10202383 DOI: 10.34133/research.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There are still challenges in applying drug nanocarriers for in situ sustained macrophage targeting and regulation, due to the rapid clearance of nanocarriers and burst drug release in vivo. Herein, a nanomicelle-hydrogel microsphere, characterized by its macrophage-targeted nanosized secondary structure that allows it to accurately bind to M1 macrophages through active endocytosis, is employed for in situ sustained macrophage targeting and regulation, and addresses the insufficient osteoarthritis therapeutic efficacy caused by rapid clearance of drug nanocarriers. The 3-dimensional structure of a microsphere can prevent the rapid escape and clearance of a nanomicelle, thus keeping it in joints, while the ligand-guided secondary structure can carry drugs to accurately target and enter M1 macrophages, and release drugs via the transition from hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity of nanomicelles under inflammatory stimulation inside the macrophages. The experiments show that the nanomicelle-hydrogel microsphere can in situ sustainably target and regulate M1 macrophages for more than 14 days in joints, and attenuate local "cytokine storm" by continuous M1 macrophage apoptosis promotion and polarization inhibition. This micro/nano-hydrogel system shows excellent ability to sustainably target and regulate macrophage, realizes the improvement of drug utilization and efficacy inside the macrophage, and thereby can be a potential platform for treating macrophage-related diseases.
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13
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Morrow JP, Pizzi D, Mazrad ZAI, Bush AI, Kempe K. Bioactive poly(2-oxazoline)-based nanomaterials bearing arylalkylamine and benzamide motifs possess intrinsic radical trapping and anti-ferroptosis properties. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:3159-3171. [PMID: 36919797 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm02087d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Radical trapping agents such as Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) are capable of rescuing cells from ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death. Previously, poly(2-oxazoline)-Fer-1 (POx-Fer-1) conjugates were reported, which possess increased water-solubility and remain active after covalent conjugation of Fer-1. In this study, we break down the structural and functional layers of POx-Fer-1 conjugates and reveal that drug-free POx containing arylalkylamine and benzamide motifs show anti-ferroptosis properties. Intriguingly, even the basic construct poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline-grad-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline) P(MeOx-grad-PhOx) was found to be active. Therefore, P(MeOx-grad-PhOx) of varying compositions were prepared, characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography and investigated with regard to their self-assembly in aqueous solution and activity in an in vitro ferroptosis model. These findings were further explored for the design of defined and bioactive core-crosslinked micelles with intrinsic anti-ferroptosis behaviour. Cellular interaction studies involving C11-BODIPY assays and confocal microscopy investigations revealed lysosomal processing of the nanomaterials and perturbation of ferroptotic cell death through reducing lipid-peroxidation. This study highlights new drug/cargo-free anti-ferroptotic nanomaterials as proof of concept that hold potential for therapy of ferroptosis-associated diseases and highlights the role of nanocarriers in a therapeutic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Morrow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David Pizzi
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Zihnil A I Mazrad
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.,Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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14
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Mixed micelles and gels of a hydrophilic poloxamine (Tetronic 1307) and miltefosine: Structural characterization by small-angle neutron scattering and in vitro evaluation for the treatment of leishmaniasis. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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15
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Wang L, Xu H, Weng L, Sun J, Jin Y, Xiao C. Activation of cancer immunotherapy by nanomedicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1041073. [PMID: 36618938 PMCID: PMC9814015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1041073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most difficult diseases to be treated in the world. Immunotherapy has made great strides in cancer treatment in recent years, and several tumor immunotherapy drugs have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Currently, immunotherapy faces many challenges, such as lacking specificity, cytotoxicity, drug resistance, etc. Nanoparticles have the characteristics of small particle size and stable surface function, playing a miraculous effect in anti-tumor treatment. Nanocarriers such as polymeric micelles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, and inorganic nanoparticles have been widely used to overcome deficits in cancer treatments including toxicity, insufficient specificity, and low bioavailability. Although nanomedicine research is extensive, only a few nanomedicines are approved to be used. Either Bottlenecks or solutions of nanomedicine in immunotherapy need to be further explored to cope with challenges. In this review, a brief overview of several types of cancer immunotherapy approaches and their advantages and disadvantages will be provided. Then, the types of nanomedicines, drug delivery strategies, and the progress of applications are introduced. Finally, the application and prospect of nanomedicines in immunotherapy and Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T) are highlighted and summarized to address the problems of immunotherapy the overall goal of this article is to provide insights into the potential use of nanomedicines and to improve the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Henan Xu
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lili Weng
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Ye Jin, ; Chunping Xiao,
| | - Chunping Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Ye Jin, ; Chunping Xiao,
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Yordanov Y, Stefanova D, Spassova I, Kovacheva D, Tzankova V, Konstantinov S, Yoncheva K. Formulation of Nanomicelles Loaded with Cannabidiol as a Platform for Neuroprotective Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122625. [PMID: 36559117 PMCID: PMC9781481 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study is focused on the development of cannabidiol-loaded polymeric nanomicelles as a drug delivery system with neuroprotective effects. Cannabidiol was loaded in Pluronic micelles (Pluronic P123 or its combination with Pluronic F127) possessing an average diameter smaller than 50 nm and high encapsulation efficiency for the hydrophobic drug (80% and 84%, respectively). The successful encapsulation and transformation of cannabidiol in amorphous phase were observed by IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Studies with neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y and Neuro-2a) showed that the pure cannabidiol caused a dose-dependent reduction of cell viability, whereas its loading into the micelles decreased cytotoxicity. Further, neuroprotective effects of pure and micellar cannabidiol were examined in a model of H2O2-induced oxidative stress in both neuroblastoma cells. The pre-treatment of cell lines with cannabidiol loaded into the mixed Pluronic P123/F127 micelles exerted significantly stronger protection against the oxidative stress compared to pure cannabidiol and cannabidiol in single Pluronic P123 micelles. Interestingly, the empty mixed P123/F127 micelles demonstrated protective activity against the oxidative stress. In conclusion, the study revealed the opportunity to formulate a new drug delivery system of cannabidiol, in particular nanosized micellar aqueous dispersion, that could be considered as a perspective platform for cannabidiol application in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yordan Yordanov
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Denitsa Stefanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Spassova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Kovacheva
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Virginia Tzankova
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Spiro Konstantinov
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Krassimira Yoncheva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +359-2-9236525
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17
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Direct and Reverse Pluronic Micelles: Design and Characterization of Promising Drug Delivery Nanosystems. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122628. [PMID: 36559122 PMCID: PMC9787366 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluronics are a family of amphiphilic block copolymers broadly explored in the pharmaceutical field. Under certain conditions, Pluronics self-assemble in different structures including nanosized direct and reverse micelles. This review provides an overview about the main parameters affecting the micellization process of Pluronics, such as polymer length, fragments distribution within the chain, solvents, additives and loading of cargo. Furthermore, it offers a guide about the most common techniques used to characterize the structure and properties of the micelles. Finally, it presents up-to-date approaches to improve the stability and drug loading of Pluronic micelles. Special attention is paid to reverse Pluronics and reverse micelles, currently underexplored in the literature. Pluronic micelles present a bright future as drug delivery agents. A smart design and thorough characterization will improve the transfer to clinical applications.
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18
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Targeting Glucose Metabolism Enzymes in Cancer Treatment: Current and Emerging Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194568. [PMID: 36230492 PMCID: PMC9559313 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reprogramming of glucose metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and can be targeted by therapeutic agents. Some metabolism regulators, such as ivosidenib and enasidenib, have been approved for cancer treatment. Currently, more advanced and effective glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs have been developed. Furthermore, some natural products have shown efficacy in killing tumor cells by regulating glucose metabolism, offering novel therapeutic opportunities in cancer. However, most of them have failed to be translated into clinical applications due to low selectivity, high toxicity, and side effects. Recent studies suggest that combining glucose metabolism modulators with chemotherapeutic drugs, immunotherapeutic drugs, and other conventional anticancer drugs may be a future direction for cancer treatment. Abstract Reprogramming of glucose metabolism provides sufficient energy and raw materials for the proliferation, metastasis, and immune escape of cancer cells, which is enabled by glucose metabolism-related enzymes that are abundantly expressed in a broad range of cancers. Therefore, targeting glucose metabolism enzymes has emerged as a promising strategy for anticancer drug development. Although several glucose metabolism modulators have been approved for cancer treatment in recent years, some limitations exist, such as a short half-life, poor solubility, and numerous adverse effects. With the rapid development of medicinal chemicals, more advanced and effective glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs have been developed. Additionally, several studies have found that some natural products can suppress cancer progression by regulating glucose metabolism enzymes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the reprogramming of glucose metabolism and present enzymes that could serve as therapeutic targets. In addition, we systematically review the existing drugs targeting glucose metabolism enzymes, including small-molecule modulators and natural products. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for glucose metabolism enzyme-targeted anticancer drugs are also discussed. In conclusion, combining glucose metabolism modulators with conventional anticancer drugs may be a promising cancer treatment strategy.
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