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Shelke O, Susarla KPC, Bankar M. Understand the Stabilization Engineering of Ascorbic Acid, Mapping the Scheme for Stabilization, and Advancement. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:159. [PMID: 38987438 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is extensively used in cosmetic formulation, howbeit stability is the supreme demerit that limits its use in beautifying products. Numerous techniques are being employed to inhibit the degradation of vitamin C caused by formulation components to facilitate the use in skin rejuvenating products. Diverse materials are being exercised in formulation to stabilize the ascorbic acid and ingredients selected in this formulation composition help for stabilization. The initial stable prototype is developed and further optimization is accomplished by applying the design of experiment tools. The stable pharmaceutical formulations were evaluated for the evaluation parameters and designated as two optimized formulations. The analytical method for the assay of ascorbic acid from the United States pharmacopeia and the related substance method from European pharmacopeia has been modified to be used for cream formulation. The DoE design exhibited that the stability of formulation is impacted by citric acid and tartaric acid but not by propylene glycol and glycerin. The analysis results of topical formulations for the evaluation parameter exhibited satisfactory results. The in-vitro release study method has been developed, optimized, and validated to fit the analysis. The in-vitro studies have been performed for selected compositions and both the formulation has similar kinds of release patterns. The stability study as per ICH guidelines exhibited that the product is stable for accelerated, intermediate, and room-temperature storage conditions. The optimized formulation shows constant release and permeation of ascorbic acid through the skin. The formulation with the combinations of citric acid, tartaric acid, and tocopherol is more stable and the degradation of vitamin C has been reduced significantly. The beaucoup strategies in the unique composition help to protect the degradation by inhibiting the multitudinous degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Shelke
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Pacific Academy of Higher Education and Research University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
- Formulation and Development, Sinomune Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Wuxi, China.
| | | | - Manish Bankar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shri Veerbhadreshwar Education Trust's College of Pharmacy, Humnabad, Karnataka, India
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Gavinet B, Sigurani S, Garcia C, Roso A. Alternatives to Conventional Topical Dosage Forms for Targeted Skin Penetration of Diclofenac Sodium. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7432. [PMID: 39000538 PMCID: PMC11242280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin penetration of an active pharmaceutical ingredient is key to developing topical drugs. This penetration can be adjusted for greater efficacy and/or safety through the selection of dosage form. Two emerging dosage forms, cream-gel and gel-in-oil emulsion, were tested for their ability to deliver diclofenac into the skin, with the target of maximising skin retention while limiting systemic exposure. Prototypes with varying amounts of solvents and emollients were formulated and evaluated by in vitro penetration testing on human skin. Cream-gel formulas showed better skin penetration than the emulgel benchmark drug even without added solvent, while gel-in-oil emulsions resulted in reduced diffusion of the active into the receptor fluid. Adding propylene glycol and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether as penetration enhancers resulted in different diclofenac penetration profiles depending on the dosage form and whether they were added to the disperse or continuous phase. Rheological characterisation of the prototypes revealed similar profiles of cream-gel and emulgel benchmark, whereas gel-in-oil emulsion demonstrated flow characteristics suitable for massaging product into the skin. This study underlined the potential of cream-gel and gel-in-oil emulsions for adjusting active penetration into the skin, broadening the range of choices available to topical formulation scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Garcia
- Research & Innovation, Seppic, 127 Chemin de la Poudrerie, 81100 Castres, France; (B.G.); (A.R.)
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Kitisin T, Muangkaew W, Thitipramote N, Pudgerd A, Sukphopetch P. The study of tryptophol containing emulgel on fungal reduction and skin irritation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18881. [PMID: 37919393 PMCID: PMC10622431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46121-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophol (TOH), a fungal quorum-sensing molecule, that possesses anti-fungal activities for controlling the growth of human pathogenic fungi. In the present study, we developed TOH-containing emulgel formulations and examined the antifungal activities and potential use as topical treatments on the skin. The results showed that TOH-containing emulgel at 1000 μM has excellent physical characteristics as homogenous, stability, and inhibits the growth of 30 species of human pathogenic fungi in vitro. TOH-containing emulgel did not cause skin irritation in mouse model of irritation and in healthy human volunteers. Moreover, an increase in skin hydration and a decrease in trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) were observed after TOH-containing emulgel treatment on human skin. Our findings indicated that TOH-containing emulgel can be utilize as an antifungal agent for topical treatment against fungal infections on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitinan Kitisin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watcharamat Muangkaew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Arnon Pudgerd
- Division of Anatomy, School of Medical Science, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Passanesh Sukphopetch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Xin C, Duo K, Yu X, Liu L. Evaluation of the in vitro performance of generic and original adapalene gel. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023; 49:680-691. [PMID: 37847563 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2271966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate the difference of the in vitro behavior between the commercially available generic adapalene gel and original product with Topical Classification System (TCS), and to analyze the effect of changes of excipients on the release behavior. SIGNIFICANCE Establishing in vitro performance assays to understand the impact of formulation variables on the critical quality attributes (CQA) is critical for the quality assessment of semi-solid generic drug. METHODS In vitro release (IVR), in vitro permeation (IVP), viscosity, and pH measurement methods for adapalene gels were established and validated. The differences between generic adapalene gel from 7 companies and original products were evaluated by correlation analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA), and the relationship among 4 parameters was elucidated. The effect of excipients on the above variables was examined by univariate tests. RESULTS There were some differences between the gels of 5 of the 7 imitation enterprises and reference listed drug (RLD). There were varying degrees of correlation between viscosity, pH, the adapalene amount retained in skin and release rate. The result validated the key role of IVR, and identified that pH value, type of suspending agent, the amount of carbomer, etc. had certain effects on the release rate. CONCLUSIONS The factors mentioned above should be considered when developing and manufacturing generic adapalene gels, and the application of TCS in the evaluation of generic topical drugs was advanced. Additionally, our research revealed some discrepancies from USP<1724>, which could be valuable information for the revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Xin
- Heilongjiang Institute for Drug Control, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kai Duo
- Heilongjiang Institute for Drug Control, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinying Yu
- Heilongjiang Institute for Drug Control, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liqun Liu
- Heilongjiang Institute for Drug Control, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Milutinov J, Krstonošić V, Ćirin D, Pavlović N. Emulgels: Promising Carrier Systems for Food Ingredients and Drugs. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102302. [PMID: 37242878 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel delivery systems for cosmetics, drugs, and food ingredients are of great scientific and industrial interest due to their ability to incorporate and protect active substances, thus improving their selectivity, bioavailability, and efficacy. Emulgels are emerging carrier systems that represent a mixture of emulsion and gel, which are particularly significant for the delivery of hydrophobic substances. However, the proper selection of main constituents determines the stability and efficacy of emulgels. Emulgels are dual-controlled release systems, where the oil phase is utilized as a carrier for hydrophobic substances and it determines the occlusive and sensory properties of the product. The emulsifiers are used to promote emulsification during production and to ensure emulsion stability. The choice of emulsifying agents is based on their capacity to emulsify, their toxicity, and their route of administration. Generally, gelling agents are used to increase the consistency of formulation and improve sensory properties by making these systems thixotropic. The gelling agents also impact the release of active substances from the formulation and stability of the system. Therefore, the aim of this review is to gain new insights into emulgel formulations, including the components selection, methods of preparation, and characterization, which are based on recent advances in research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Milutinov
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Veljko Krstonošić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dejan Ćirin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Pachauri A, Chitme H, Visht S, Chidrawar V, Mohammed N, Abdel-Wahab BA, Khateeb MM, Habeeb MS, Orabi MAA, Bakir MB. Permeability-Enhanced Liposomal Emulgel Formulation of 5-Fluorouracil for the Treatment of Skin Cancer. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030209. [PMID: 36975657 PMCID: PMC10048565 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The plain 5-fluorouracil (5FU) formulations available in the market are associated with adverse effects such as skin irritation, pruritus, redness, blisters, allergy, and dryness on the site of application. The objective of the present study was to develop a liposomal emulgel of 5FU with increased skin permeability and efficacy using clove oil and eucalyptus oil along with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, stabilizers, binders, and additives. A series of seven formulations were developed and evaluated for their entrapment efficiency, in vitro release profile, and cumulative drug release profile. The compatibility of drugs and excipients, as confirmed by FTIR (fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) as well as SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) studies, revealed that the size and shape of liposomes are smooth and spherical, and the liposomes are non-aggregated. To understand their efficacy, the optimized formulations were evaluated for cytotoxicity using B16-F10 mouse skin melanoma cells. The eucalyptus oil and clove oil-containing preparation significantly produced a cytotoxic effect against a melanoma cell line. The addition of clove oil and eucalyptus oil increased the efficacy of the formulation by improving skin permeability and reducing the dose required for the anti-skin cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Pachauri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Havagiray Chitme
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-135-7144000
| | - Sharad Visht
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vijay Chidrawar
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chiyyedu 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Nawaj Mohammed
- Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Chiyyedu 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Basel A. Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran P.O. Box 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masood Medleri Khateeb
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran P.O. Box 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran P.O. Box 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa B. Bakir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Najran University, Najran P.O. Box 1988, Saudi Arabia
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Rodionova OY, Pomerantsev AL, Rutledge DN. Kinetic Model of Diclofenac Degradation Developed Using Multivariate Curve Resolution Method. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227904. [PMID: 36432005 PMCID: PMC9699027 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the kinetic modeling of the natural long-term aging of the pharmaceutical substance as well as the intact tablets of Diclofenac. Datasets are collections of near-infrared spectra acquired from the intact tablets packed in plastic blisters and the spectra of the pure substance. Fresh samples and samples at different stages of degradation are analyzed. No methods of accelerated aging were applied. Multi-step application of MCR-ALS in its soft version followed by the kinetic modeling of the results helps to propose a generic degradation mechanism; which includes: a global kinetic model; approximations of the NIR spectra of the intermediate and product; rough estimates of rate constants. We study tablets in blister packs; exactly as they are presented in pharmacies; and this is important from a practical point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Ye. Rodionova
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS, Kosygin 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexey L. Pomerantsev
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics RAS, Kosygin 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Douglas N. Rutledge
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 63 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
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