Polymers Enhancing Bioavailability in Drug Delivery

Polymer microsphere inks for semi-solid extrusion 3D printing at ambient conditions

Extrusion-based 3D printing methods have great potential for manufacturing of personalized polymer-based drug-releasing systems. However, traditional melt-based extrusion techniques are often unsuitable for processing thermally labile molecules. Consequently, methods that utilize the extrusion of semi-solid inks under mild conditions are frequently employed. The rheological properties of the semi-solid inks have a substantial impact on the 3D printability, making it necessary to evaluate and tailor these properties. Here, we report a novel semi-solid extrusion 3D printing method based on utilization of a Carbopol gel matrix containing various concentrations of polymeric microspheres. We also demonstrate the use of a solvent vapor-based post-processing method for enhancing the mechanical strength of the printed objects. As our approach enables room-temperature processing of polymers typically used in the pharmaceutical industry, it may also facilitate the broader application of 3D printing and microsphere technologies in preparation of personalized medicine.

Diterpenoid and C20 diterpenoid alkaloid as a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro): from Piper barberi Gamble, an endemic and endangered species of Southern Western Ghats

The present study investigated the phytochemicals and in silico anti-nCoV properties of Piper barberi, an endangered and endemic species of Southern Western Ghats. Using conventional soxhlet extraction method, the leaf and stem were extracted separately with methanol (PBLM and PBSM). The bioactive compounds from the extracts were identified using HR-LCMS/MS-qTOF analysis. These compounds were subjected to various in silico analyses to identify potential drug candidates against nCoV. The HR LCMS/MS analysis of PBLM and PBSM revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids in it and this is the first report of the phytoconstituents present in the species P. barberi. All the identified bioactive compounds were subjected to predict ADMET. Out of 49 identified compounds, only 31 passed drug-likeness properties and toxicity tests. Molecular interaction studies were conducted using the AutoDockTools 4.2.6., which showed that only 13 compounds exhibited acceptable binding affinity with the nCoV target Mpro. Structural stability and binding free energy analyses of the five compounds with the higher binding affinity indicated that the bioactive compounds Hetisine and Ajaconine are stable with both hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Hetisine shows stable binding among these two compounds with two hydrogen bond interactions with the crucial catalytic dyad residue (His41). Thus, this study concludes that these compounds might potentially be used as an alternative drug candidate for managing nCoV. However, further experimental validation, including in vitro and in vivo assays, is required to substantiate the results.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Lipid-based nanomedicines for the treatment of bacterial respiratory infections: current state and new perspectives

The global threat posed by antimicrobial resistance demands urgent action and the development of effective drugs. Lower respiratory tract infections remain the deadliest communicable disease worldwide, often challenging to treat due to the presence of bacteria that form recalcitrant biofilms. There is consensus that novel anti-infectives with reduced resistance compared with conventional antibiotics are needed, leading to extensive research on innovative antibacterial agents. This review explores the recent progress in lipid-based nanomedicines developed to counteract bacterial respiratory infections, especially those involving biofilm growth; focuses on improved drug bioavailability and targeting and highlights novel strategies to enhance treatment efficacy while emphasizing the importance of continued research in this dynamic field.

Polymers Enhancing Bioavailability in Drug Delivery, 2nd Edition

This Special Issue continues the previously published work [...].

The Use of a Barley-Based Well to Define Cationic Betaglucan to Study Mammalian Cell Toxicity Associated with Interactions with Biological Structures

Among potential macromolecule-based pharmaceuticals, polycations seem particularly interesting due to their proven antimicrobial properties and use as vectors in gene therapy. This makes an understanding of the mechanisms of these molecules' interaction with living structures important, so the goal of this paper was to propose and carry out experiments that will allow us to characterize these phenomena. Of particular importance is the question of toxicity of such structures to mammalian cells and, in the work presented here, two lines, normal fibroblasts 3T3-L1 and A549 lung cancer, were used to determine this. In this work, three well-defined cationic derivatives of barley-derived betaglucans obtained in a reaction with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (BBGGTMAC) with different degrees of cationization (50, 70, and 100% per one glucose unit) and electrostatic charge were studied. The studies address interactions of these polymers with proteins (bovine serum proteins and BSA), nucleic acids (DNA), glycosaminoglycans (heparin), and biological membranes. The results described in this study make it possible to indicate that toxicity is most strongly influenced by interactions with biological membranes and is closely related to the electrostatic charge of the macromolecule. The presentation of this observation was the goal of this publication. This paper also shows, using fluorescently labeled variants of polymers, the penetration and impact on cell structure (only for the polymer with the highest substitution binding to cell membranes is observed) by using confocal and SEM (for the polymer with the highest degree of substitution, and the appearance of additional structures on the surface of the cell membrane is observed). The labeled polymers are also tools used together with dynamic light scattering and calorimetric titration to study their interaction with other biopolymers. As for the interactions with biological membranes, lipid Langmuir monolayers as model membrane systems were used.

Exploring the therapeutic and anti-tumor properties of morusin: a review of recent advances

Morusin is a natural product that has been isolated from the bark of Morus alba, a species of mulberry tree. It belongs to the flavonoid family of chemicals, which is abundantly present in the plant world and is recognized for its wide range of biological activities. Morusin has a number of biological characteristics, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuro-protective, and antioxidant capabilities. Morusin has exhibited anti-tumor properties in many different forms of cancer, including breast, prostate, gastric, hepatocarcinoma, glioblastoma, and pancreatic cancer. Potential of morusin as an alternative treatment method for resistant malignancies needs to be explored in animal models in order to move toward clinical trials. In the recent years several novel findings regarding the therapeutic potential of morusin have been made. This aim of this review is to provide an overview of the present understanding of morusin's beneficial effects on human health as well as provide a comprehensive and up-to-date discussion of morusin's anti-cancer properties with a special focus on in vitro and in vivo studies. This review will aid future research on the creation of polyphenolic medicines in the prenylflavone family, for the management and treatment of cancers.