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Liang S, Wang X, Sun S, Xie L, Dang X. Extraction of chitin from flammulina velutipes waste: A low-concentration acid pretreatment and aspergillus Niger fermentation approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133224. [PMID: 38897518 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, with the booming of the edible mushroom industry, chitin production has become increasingly dependent on fungi and other non-traditional sources. Fungal chitin has advantages including superior performance, simpler separation processes, abundant raw materials, and the absence of shellfish allergens. As a kind of edible mushroom, flammulina velutipes (F. velutipes) also has the advantages of wide source and large annual yield. This provided the possibility for the extraction of chitin. Here, a procedure to extract chitin from F. velutipes waste be presented. This method comprises low-concentration acid pretreatment coupled with consolidated bioprocessing with Aspergillus niger. Characterization by SEM, FTIR, XRD, NMR, and TGA confirmed that the extracted chitin was β-chitin. To achieve optimal fermentation of F. velutipes waste (80 g/L), ammonium sulfate and glucose were selected as nitrogen and carbon sources (5 g/L), with a fermentation time of 5 days. The extracted chitin could be further deacetylated and purified to obtain high-purity chitosan (99.2 % ± 1.07 %). This chitosan exhibited a wide degree of deacetylation (50.0 % ± 1.33 % - 92.1 % ± 0.97 %) and a molecular weight distribution of 92-192 kDa. Notably, the yield of chitosan extracted in this study was increased by 56.3 % ± 0.47 % compared to the traditional chemical extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Institute of Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China
| | - Xuechuan Wang
- Institute of Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
| | - Siwei Sun
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China
| | - Long Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, PR China
| | - Xugang Dang
- Institute of Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Clean Production and High-Value Utilization of Bio-Based Textile Materials, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, PR China.
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Saad HM, Elekhnawy E, Shaldam MA, Alqahtani MJ, Altwaijry N, Attallah NGM, Hussein IA, Ibrahim HA, Negm WA, Salem EA. Rosuvastatin and diosmetin inhibited the HSP70/TLR4 /NF-κB p65/NLRP3 signaling pathways and switched macrophage to M2 phenotype in a rat model of acute kidney injury induced by cisplatin. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116151. [PMID: 38262148 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous efforts to manage acute kidney injury (AKI) were unsuccessful because its pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Thus, our research hotspot was to explore the possible renoprotective effects of rosuvastatin (Ros) and diosmetin (D) on macrophage polarization and the role of HSP70/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65/NLRP3/STAT3 signaling in cis-induced AKI and study the activity of D against uropathogenic bacteria. Fifty-four albino male rats were randomized into 9 groups equally: Control, Ros, D20, D40, untreated Cis, and Cis groups cotreated with Ros, D20, D40 and Ros+D40 for 10 days. Our results indicated that Ros and D, in a dose-dependent manner, markedly restored body weight, systolic blood pressure, and renal histological architecture besides significantly upregulated SOD levels, expression of anti-inflammatory CD163 macrophages, arginase1levels, IL-10 levels,STAT3 and PCNA immunoreactivity. Also, they significantly downregulated renal index, serum urea, serum creatinine, serum cystatin c, inflammatory biomarkers (C reactive protein, IL1β & TNF-α), MDA levels, HSP70/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65/NLRP3 expressions, proinflammatory CD68 macrophages and caspase-3 immunoreactivity, resulting in a reversal of cis-induced renal damage. These findings were further confirmed by molecular docking that showed the binding affinity of Ros and D towards TLR4 and NLRP3. Furthermore, D had antibacterial action with a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 128 to 256 µg/mL and caused a delay in the growth of the tested isolates, and negatively affected the membrane integrity. In conclusion, Ros and D had antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties and switched macrophage from proinflammatory CD68 to anti-inflammatory CD163. Additionally, the targeting of HSP70/TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65/NLRP3/STAT3 signals are effective therapeutic strategy in AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matrouh, Egypt.
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Moneerah J Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ismail A Hussein
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Hanaa A Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Esraa A Salem
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebeen ElKom 32511, Egypt
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Mathews PD, Gama GS, Megiati HM, Madrid RRM, Garcia BBM, Han SW, Itri R, Mertins O. Flavonoid-Labeled Biopolymer in the Structure of Lipid Membranes to Improve the Applicability of Antioxidant Nanovesicles. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:141. [PMID: 38276511 PMCID: PMC10819309 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanovesicles produced with lipids and polymers are promising devices for drug and bioactive delivery and are of great interest in pharmaceutical applications. These nanovesicles can be engineered for improvement in bioavailability, patient compliance or to provide modified release or enhanced delivery. However, their applicability strongly depends on the safety and low immunogenicity of the components. Despite this, the use of unsaturated lipids in nanovesicles, which degrade following oxidation processes during storage and especially during the proper routes of administration in the human body, may yield toxic degradation products. In this study, we used a biopolymer (chitosan) labeled with flavonoid (catechin) as a component over a lipid bilayer for micro- and nanovesicles and characterized the structure of these vesicles in oxidation media. The purpose of this was to evaluate the in situ effect of the antioxidant in three different vesicular systems of medium, low and high membrane curvature. Liposomes and giant vesicles were produced with the phospholipids DOPC and POPC, and crystalline cubic phase with monoolein/DOPC. Concentrations of chitosan-catechin (CHCa) were included in all the vesicles and they were challenged in oxidant media. The cytotoxicity analysis using the MTT assay (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) revealed that concentrations of CHCa below 6.67 µM are non-toxic to HeLa cells. The size and zeta potential of the liposomes evidenced the degradation of their structures, which was minimized by CHCa. Similarly, the membrane of the giant vesicle, which rapidly deteriorated in oxidative solution, was protected in the presence of CHCa. The production of a lipid/CHCa composite cubic phase revealed a specific cubic topology in small-angle X-ray scattering, which was preserved in strong oxidative media. This study demonstrates the specific physicochemical characteristics introduced in the vesicular systems related to the antioxidant CHCa biopolymer, representing a platform for the improvement of composite nanovesicle applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Mathews
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (P.D.M.); (G.S.G.); (H.M.M.); (R.R.M.M.)
- Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Gabriella S. Gama
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (P.D.M.); (G.S.G.); (H.M.M.); (R.R.M.M.)
| | - Hector M. Megiati
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (P.D.M.); (G.S.G.); (H.M.M.); (R.R.M.M.)
| | - Rafael R. M. Madrid
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (P.D.M.); (G.S.G.); (H.M.M.); (R.R.M.M.)
| | - Bianca B. M. Garcia
- Interdisciplinary Center for Gene Therapy, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (B.B.M.G.); (S.W.H.)
| | - Sang W. Han
- Interdisciplinary Center for Gene Therapy, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (B.B.M.G.); (S.W.H.)
| | - Rosangela Itri
- Applied Physics Department, Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
| | - Omar Mertins
- Laboratory of Nano Bio Materials (LNBM), Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical School, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil; (P.D.M.); (G.S.G.); (H.M.M.); (R.R.M.M.)
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Shakola TV, Rubanik VV, Rubanik VV, Kurliuk AV, Kirichuk AA, Tskhovrebov AG, Egorov AR, Kritchenkov AS. Benzothiazole Derivatives of Chitosan and Their Derived Nanoparticles: Synthesis and In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Effects. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3469. [PMID: 37631525 PMCID: PMC10459300 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we focused on synthesizing and assessing novel chitosan-based antibacterial polymers and their nanoparticles by incorporating benzothiazole substituents. The growing resistance to antibiotics has necessitated the search for alternative antimicrobial compounds. This study aimed to synthesize and evaluate chitosan-based polymers and nanoparticles with benzothiazole substituents for their antibacterial properties and toxicity. The benzothiazole derivatives of chitosan and their nanoparticles were synthesized through electrochemical coupling. The in vivo antibacterial efficacy was tested on white rats with induced peritonitis using a microbial suspension containing S. aureus and E. coli. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessments were conducted. The chitosan-based antibacterial systems showed significant in vivo antibacterial activity, surpassing that of unmodified chitosan and commercial antibiotics. Moreover, the toxicity studies revealed low toxicity levels of the synthesized derivatives, which did not differ significantly from native chitosan. The synthesized chitosan-based polymers and nanoparticles demonstrated potent antibacterial activity and low toxicity, highlighting their potential as effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Further investigations in pharmacology and preclinical trials are recommended to explore their application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana V. Shakola
- Faculty of Science, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia; (T.V.S.); (A.A.K.); (A.G.T.)
- Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Vitebsk State Medical University, Frunze Av. 27, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus;
| | - Vasili V. Rubanik
- Institute of Technical Acoustics NAS of Belarus, Ludnikova Prosp. 13, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus; (V.V.R.)
| | - Vasili V. Rubanik
- Institute of Technical Acoustics NAS of Belarus, Ludnikova Prosp. 13, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus; (V.V.R.)
| | - Aleh V. Kurliuk
- Department of General and Clinical Pharmacology, Vitebsk State Medical University, Frunze Av. 27, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus;
| | - Anatoly A. Kirichuk
- Faculty of Science, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia; (T.V.S.); (A.A.K.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Alexander G. Tskhovrebov
- Faculty of Science, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia; (T.V.S.); (A.A.K.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Anton R. Egorov
- Faculty of Science, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia; (T.V.S.); (A.A.K.); (A.G.T.)
| | - Andreii S. Kritchenkov
- Faculty of Science, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya St. 6, Moscow 117198, Russia; (T.V.S.); (A.A.K.); (A.G.T.)
- Institute of Technical Acoustics NAS of Belarus, Ludnikova Prosp. 13, 210009 Vitebsk, Belarus; (V.V.R.)
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Alherz FA, Elekhnawy E, Selim HM, El-Masry TA, El-Kadem AH, Hussein IA, Negm WA. Protective Role of Betulinic Acid against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Its Antibacterial Potential toward Uropathogenic Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1180. [PMID: 37631096 PMCID: PMC10458273 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the major side effects of cisplatin, a remarkable anticancer agent. Therefore, there is a growing need to find an agent that could mitigate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural compound isolated from Silene succulenta Forssk for the first time, with miraculous biological activities and no reports of its effect on the nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin. Mice received BA orally with doses of 30 and 50 mg/kg before the intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin. Betulinic acid was found to decrease serum levels of creatinine and tissue levels of NGAL and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) and improve the histological changes in the kidney. In addition, BA decreased the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidative activity and suppressed the intensity of IL-1B and NFкB immuno-staining. Interestingly, betulinic acid enhanced autophagy by increasing beclin 1, ATG5, and LC3II and decreasing p62 expressions. Thus, our findings suggest betulinic acid as a potential agent that may protect from acute kidney injury by targeting inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy processes. Novel drugs are needed to combat the spreading of multidrug resistance between pathogenic bacteria, especially uropathogenic isolates. So, we elucidated the antibacterial properties of BA on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Betulinic acid had minimum inhibitory concentration values (128 to 512 µg/mL). In addition, it adversely affected the membrane integrity of the tested isolates. Accordingly, betulinic acid should be clinically investigated in the future for urinary tract diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemah A Alherz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Hend Mostafa Selim
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Thanaa A El-Masry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Aya H El-Kadem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ismail A Hussein
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
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First Synthesis of DBU-Conjugated Cationic Carbohydrate Derivatives and Investigation of Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043550. [PMID: 36834964 PMCID: PMC9968064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and fungi represents a serious health problem worldwide. It has long been known that cationic compounds can inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi by disrupting the cell membrane. The advantage of using such cationic compounds is that the microorganisms would not become resistant to cationic agents, since this type of adaptation would mean significantly altering the structure of their cell walls. We designed novel, DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene)-derived amidinium salts of carbohydrates, which may be suitable for disturbing the cell walls of bacteria and fungi due to their quaternary ammonium moiety. A series of saccharide-DBU conjugates were prepared from 6-iodo derivatives of d-glucose, d-mannose, d-altrose and d-allose by nucleophilic substitution reactions. We optimized the synthesis of a d-glucose derivative, and studied the protecting group free synthesis of the glucose-DBU conjugates. The effect of the obtained quaternary amidinium salts against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains and Candida albicans yeast was investigated, and the impact of the used protecting groups and the sugar configuration on the antimicrobial activity was analyzed. Some of the novel sugar quaternary ammonium compounds with lipophilic aromatic groups (benzyl and 2-napthylmethyl) showed particularly good antifungal and antibacterial activity.
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