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Chan A, Tsourkas A. Intracellular Protein Delivery: Approaches, Challenges, and Clinical Applications. BME FRONTIERS 2024; 5:0035. [PMID: 38282957 PMCID: PMC10809898 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein biologics are powerful therapeutic agents with diverse inhibitory and enzymatic functions. However, their clinical use has been limited to extracellular applications due to their inability to cross plasma membranes. Overcoming this physiological barrier would unlock the potential of protein drugs for the treatment of many intractable diseases. In this review, we highlight progress made toward achieving cytosolic delivery of recombinant proteins. We start by first considering intracellular protein delivery as a drug modality compared to existing Food and Drug Administration-approved drug modalities. Then, we summarize strategies that have been reported to achieve protein internalization. These techniques can be broadly classified into 3 categories: physical methods, direct protein engineering, and nanocarrier-mediated delivery. Finally, we highlight existing challenges for cytosolic protein delivery and offer an outlook for future advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Tsourkas
- Department of Bioengineering,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kim SW, Lim KM, Cho SG, Ryu B, Kim CY, Park SY, Jang K, Jung JH, Park C, Choi C, Kim JH. Efficacy of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Exosomes for the Treatment of Canine Atopic Dermatitis: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:282. [PMID: 38254451 PMCID: PMC10812568 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a genetically predisposed inflammatory pruritic skin disease. The available treatments for CAD have several adverse effects and vary in efficacy, indicating the need for the development of improved treatments. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of allogeneic and xenogeneic exosomes on CAD. Six laboratory beagle dogs with CAD were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: control, canine exosome (cExos), or human exosome (hExos) groups. Dogs in the cExos and hExos groups were intravenously administered 1.5 mL of cExos (5 × 1010) and hExos (7.5 × 1011) solutions, respectively, while those in the control group were administered 1.5 mL of normal saline three times per week for 4 weeks. Skin lesion score and transepidermal water loss decreased in cExos and hExos groups compared with those in the control group. The exosome treatments decreased the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ, interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-12, interleukin-13, and interleukin-31) but increased those of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β), indicating the immunomodulatory effect of exosomes. Skin microbiome analysis revealed that the exosome treatments alleviated skin bacterial dysbiosis. These results suggest that allogeneic and xenogeneic exosome therapy may alleviate CAD in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (K.-M.L.); (S.-G.C.)
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center and Institute of Advanced Regenerative Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (K.-M.L.); (S.-G.C.)
| | - Bokyeong Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (B.R.); (C.-Y.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (B.R.); (C.-Y.K.)
| | - Seon Young Park
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.P.); (K.J.); (J.H.J.); (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Kyungmin Jang
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.P.); (K.J.); (J.H.J.); (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Jae Heon Jung
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.P.); (K.J.); (J.H.J.); (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Cheolhyoung Park
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.P.); (K.J.); (J.H.J.); (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Chulhee Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.P.); (K.J.); (J.H.J.); (C.P.); (C.C.)
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
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Wen B, Pan Y, Cheng J, Xu L, Xu J. The Role of Neuroinflammation in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. J Pain Res 2023; 16:3061-3073. [PMID: 37701560 PMCID: PMC10493102 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s423733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is an excess and/or prolonged pain and inflammation condition that follows an injury to a limb. The pathogenesis of CRPS is multifaceted that remains incompletely understood. Neuroinflammation is an inflammatory response in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Dysregulated neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the initiation and maintenance of pain and nociceptive neuronal sensitization, which may contribute to the transition from acute to chronic pain and the perpetuation of chronic pain in CRPS. The key features of neuroinflammation encompass infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells and the production of inflammatory mediators in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. This article reviews the role of neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of CRPS from six perspectives: neurogenic inflammation, neuropeptides, glial cells, immune cells, cytokines, and keratinocytes. The objective is to provide insights that can inform future research and development of therapeutic targets for CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinbing Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Cheng
- Department of Pain Management, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jijun Xu
- Department of Pain Management, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity; Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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