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Horváth G, Molnár E, Szabó Z, Kecskeméti G, Juhász L, Tallósy SP, Nyári J, Bogdanov A, Somogyvári F, Endrész V, Burián K, Virok DP. Carnosic Acid Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Replication by Suppressing Cellular ATP Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4983. [PMID: 38732202 PMCID: PMC11084413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Acquiring resistance against antiviral drugs is a significant problem in antimicrobial therapy. In order to identify novel antiviral compounds, the antiviral activity of eight plants indigenous to the southern region of Hungary against herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) was investigated. The plant extracts and the plant compound carnosic acid were tested for their effectiveness on both the extracellular and intracellular forms of HSV-2 on Vero and HeLa cells. HSV-2 replication was measured by a direct quantitative PCR (qPCR). Among the tested plant extracts, Salvia rosmarinus (S. rosmarinus) exhibited a 90.46% reduction in HSV-2 replication at the 0.47 μg/mL concentration. Carnosic acid, a major antimicrobial compound found in rosemary, also demonstrated a significant dose-dependent inhibition of both extracellular and intracellular forms of HSV-2. The 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) of carnosic acid was between 25 and 6.25 μg/mL. Proteomics and high-resolution respirometry showed that carnosic acid suppressed key ATP synthesis pathways such as glycolysis, citrate cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation also suppressed HSV-2 replication up to 39.94-fold. These results indicate that the antiviral action of carnosic acid includes the inhibition of ATP generation by suppressing key energy production pathways. Carnosic acid holds promise as a potential novel antiviral agent against HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Horváth
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edit Molnár
- Réthy Pál County Hospital, Gyulai Str. 18, 5600 Bekescsaba, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szabó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm Sq. 8, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kecskeméti
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm Sq. 8, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Juhász
- Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szőkefalvi-Nagy Béla Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Péter Tallósy
- Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szőkefalvi-Nagy Béla Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Nyári
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Somogyvári
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Valéria Endrész
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Katalin Burián
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dezső P. Virok
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
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Wang X, Chiu W, Klaassen H, Marchand A, Chaltin P, Neyts J, Jochmans D. A Robust Phenotypic High-Throughput Antiviral Assay for the Discovery of Rabies Virus Inhibitors. Viruses 2023; 15:2292. [PMID: 38140533 PMCID: PMC10747594 DOI: 10.3390/v15122292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies virus (RABV) causes severe neurological symptoms in mammals. The disease is almost inevitably lethal as soon as clinical symptoms appear. The use of rabies immunoglobulins (RIG) and vaccination in post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can provide efficient protection, but many people do not receive this treatment due to its high cost and/or limited availability. Highly potent small molecule antivirals are urgently needed to treat patients once symptoms develop. In this paper, we report on the development of a high-throughput phenotypic antiviral screening assay based on the infection of BHK-21 cells with a fluorescent reporter virus and high content imaging readout. The assay was used to screen a repurposing library of 3681 drugs (all had been studied in phase 1 clinical trials). From this series, salinomycin was found to selectively inhibit viral replication by blocking infection at the entry stage. This shows that a high-throughput assay enables the screening of large compound libraries for the purposes of identifying inhibitors of RABV replication. These can then be optimized through medicinal chemistry efforts and further developed into urgently needed drugs for the treatment of symptomatic rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Winston Chiu
- Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Hugo Klaassen
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator 2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.K.); (A.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Arnaud Marchand
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator 2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.K.); (A.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Patrick Chaltin
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator 2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (H.K.); (A.M.); (P.C.)
- Center for Drug Design and Discovery (CD3), KU Leuven R&D, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.W.); (W.C.)
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 Box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (X.W.); (W.C.)
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