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Kang S, Woo Y, Seo Y, Yoo D, Kwon D, Park H, Lee SD, Yoo HY, Lee T. A Descriptive Review on the Potential Use of Diatom Biosilica as a Powerful Functional Biomaterial: A Natural Drug Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1171. [PMID: 39339207 PMCID: PMC11434644 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Although various chemically synthesized materials are essential in medicine, food, and agriculture, they can exert unexpected side effects on the environment and human health by releasing certain toxic chemicals. Therefore, eco-friendly and biocompatible biomaterials based on natural resources are being actively explored. Recently, biosilica derived from diatoms has attracted attention in various biomedical fields, including drug delivery systems (DDS), due to its uniform porous nano-pattern, hierarchical structure, and abundant silanol functional groups. Importantly, the structural characteristics of diatom biosilica improve the solubility of poorly soluble substances and enable sustained release of loaded drugs. Additionally, diatom biosilica predominantly comprises SiO2, has high biocompatibility, and can easily hybridize with other DDS platforms, including hydrogels and cationic DDS, owing to its strong negative charge and abundant silanol groups. This review explores the potential applications of various diatom biosilica-based DDS in various biomedical fields, with a particular focus on hybrid DDS utilizing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunggu Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoseph Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehyeon Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeryul Kwon
- Protist Research Division, Biological Resources Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Deuk Lee
- Protist Research Division, Biological Resources Research Department, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources (NNIBR), 137, Donam 2-gil, Sangju-si 37242, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hah Young Yoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, 20, Hongjimun 2-gil, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03016, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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Liu S, Shi L, Luo H, Chen K, Song M, Wu Y, Liu F, Li M, Gao J, Wu Y. Processed microalgae: green gold for tissue regeneration and repair. Theranostics 2024; 14:5235-5261. [PMID: 39267781 PMCID: PMC11388063 DOI: 10.7150/thno.99181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
As novel biomedical materials, microalgae have garnered significant interest because of their ability to generate photosynthetic oxygen, their antioxidant activity, and their favorable biocompatibility. Many studies have concentrated on the hypoxia-alleviating effects of microalgae within tumor microenvironments. However, recent findings indicate that microalgae can significantly increase the regeneration of various tissues and organs. To augment microalgae's therapeutic efficacy and mitigate the limitations imposed by immune clearance, it is essential to process microalgae through various processing strategies. This review examines common microalgal species in biomedical applications, such as Chlorella, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, diatoms, and Spirulina. This review outlines diverse processing methods, including microalgae extracts, microalgae‒nanodrug composite delivery systems, surface modifications, and living microalgae‒loaded hydrogels. It also discusses the latest developments in tissue repair using processed microalgae for skin, gastrointestinal, bone, cardiovascular, lung, nerve, and oral tissues. Furthermore, future directions are presented, and research gaps for processed microalgae are identified. Collectively, these insights may inform the innovation of processed microalgae for various uses and offer guidance for ongoing research in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liu
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Ling Shi
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Hailong Luo
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical University, Aimin District, Mudanjiang 157011, China
| | - Kaiyuan Chen
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Meichen Song
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yingjun Wu
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Fengzhi Liu
- Pathology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Nautical Medicine and Translation of Drugs and Medical Devices, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Wu
- College of Life Science, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
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Kim SH, Ki MR, Han Y, Pack SP. Biomineral-Based Composite Materials in Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6147. [PMID: 38892335 PMCID: PMC11173312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to address substantial defects by amplifying the body's natural regenerative abilities and preserving the health of tissues and organs. To achieve these goals, materials that can provide the spatial and biological support for cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as the micro-environment essential for the intended tissue, are needed. Scaffolds such as polymers and metallic materials provide three-dimensional structures for cells to attach to and grow in defects. These materials have limitations in terms of mechanical properties or biocompatibility. In contrast, biominerals are formed by living organisms through biomineralization, which also includes minerals created by replicating this process. Incorporating biominerals into conventional materials allows for enhanced strength, durability, and biocompatibility. Specifically, biominerals can improve the bond between the implant and tissue by mimicking the micro-environment. This enhances cell differentiation and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, biomineral composites have wound healing and antimicrobial properties, which can aid in wound repair. Additionally, biominerals can be engineered as drug carriers, which can efficiently deliver drugs to their intended targets, minimizing side effects and increasing therapeutic efficacy. This article examines the role of biominerals and their composite materials in regenerative medicine applications and discusses their properties, synthesis methods, and potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (M.-R.K.)
| | - Mi-Ran Ki
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (M.-R.K.)
- Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngji Han
- Biological Clock-Based Anti-Aging Convergence RLRC, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (M.-R.K.)
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Min KH, Kim DH, Youn S, Pack SP. Biomimetic Diatom Biosilica and Its Potential for Biomedical Applications and Prospects: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2023. [PMID: 38396701 PMCID: PMC10889112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Diatom biosilica is an important natural source of porous silica, with three-dimensional ordered and nanopatterned structures referred to as frustules. The unique features of diatom frustules, such as their high specific surface area, thermal stability, biocompatibility, and adaptable surface chemistry, render diatoms valuable materials for high value-added applications. These attributes make diatoms an exceptional cost-effective raw material for industrial use. The functionalization of diatom biosilica surface improves its biophysical properties and increases the potential applications. This review focuses on the potential uses of diatom biosilica including traditional approaches and recent progress in biomedical applications. Not only well-studied drug delivery systems but also promising uses on bone regeneration and wound healing are covered. Furthermore, considerable aspects and possible future directions for the use of diatom biosilica materials are proposed to develop biomedical applications and merit further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Ha Min
- Institution of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (D.H.K.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sol Youn
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (D.H.K.); (S.Y.)
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (D.H.K.); (S.Y.)
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