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Kilonzi M, Mutagonda RF, Mwakawanga DL, Mlyuka HJ, Mikomangwa WP, Kibanga WA, Marealle AI, Mallya B, Katabalo D, Sanga S, Kalokola F, Rwegasha J, Magambo R, Mmassy J, Kabissi S, Balati JA, Maduki P, Minzi OM, Kamuhabwa AAR. Establishment of clinical pharmacy services: evidence-based information from stakeholders. HUMAN RESOURCES FOR HEALTH 2024; 22:6. [PMID: 38200603 PMCID: PMC10782669 DOI: 10.1186/s12960-023-00887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
High morbidity and mortality related to the use of drugs resulted in demand for clinical pharmacy services (CPS) globally. In developed countries, the evolution of pharmacists' role in direct patient care started in the 1960s. The participation of pharmacists in CPS has resulted in positive clinical, economic, and humanistic outcomes. In developing countries, efforts have started to ensure pharmacists are engaged in the provision of CPS. However, the efforts are hampered by poorly defined pharmacist career paths, financial constraints, and a lack of political willingness. In Tanzania, efforts started in 2008, in which CPS was introduced into the Bachelor of Pharmacy curriculum, followed by the initiation of a postgraduate program on hospital and clinical pharmacy in 2013. A regulation was released by the Tanzania Ministry of Health in 2020 to enforce pharmacists' engagement in providing CPS. In 2021, a project was launched in the country, aiming to strengthen the provision of CPS in public and faith-based hospitals by training on-job pharmacists. The project was implemented in phases, including stakeholders' engagement, baseline survey, training, and supportive supervision of the trained pharmacists. Therefore, this commentary aims to share what we experienced during project implementation, the achievements, challenges, and key lessons learned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manase Kilonzi
- School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Ritah F Mutagonda
- School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dorkasi L Mwakawanga
- School of Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Hamu J Mlyuka
- School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Wigilya P Mikomangwa
- School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Wema A Kibanga
- School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Alphonce Ignace Marealle
- School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bertha Mallya
- School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Deogratias Katabalo
- School of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Sofia Sanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, P. O. BOX 65000, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Fredrick Kalokola
- School of Medicine, the Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 1464, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - John Rwegasha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili National Hospital, P. O. BOX 65000, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rose Magambo
- School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - John Mmassy
- Christian Social Services Commission, P.O. BOX 9433, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sungwa Kabissi
- Christian Social Services Commission, P.O. BOX 9433, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Josephine A Balati
- Christian Social Services Commission, P.O. BOX 9433, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter Maduki
- Christian Social Services Commission, P.O. BOX 9433, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Omary Mashiku Minzi
- School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Appolinary A R Kamuhabwa
- School of Pharmacy, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P. O. BOX 65013, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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