1
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Spadin FS, Gergely LP, Kämpfer T, Frenz M, Vermathen M. Fluorescence lifetime imaging and phasor analysis of intracellular porphyrinic photosensitizers applied with different polymeric formulations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 254:112904. [PMID: 38579534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The fluorescence lifetime of a porphyrinic photosensitizer (PS) is an important parameter to assess the aggregation state of the PS even in complex biological environments. Aggregation-induced quenching of the PS can significantly reduce the yield of singlet oxygen generation and thus its efficiency as a medical drug in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of diseased tissues. Hydrophobicity and the tendency to form aggregates pose challenges on the development of efficient PSs and often require carrier systems. A systematic study was performed to probe the impact of PS structure and encapsulation into polymeric carriers on the fluorescence lifetime in solution and in the intracellular environment. Five different porphyrinic PSs including chlorin e6 (Ce6) derivatives and tetrakis(m-hydroxyphenyl)-porphyrin and -chlorin were studied in free form and combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or micelles composed of triblock-copolymers or Cremophor. Following incubation of HeLa cells with these systems, fluorescence lifetime imaging combined with phasor analysis and image segmentation was applied to study the lifetime distribution in the intracellular surrounding. The data suggest that for free PSs, the structure-dependent cell uptake pathways determine their state and emission lifetimes. PS localization in the plasma membrane yielded mostly monomers with long fluorescence lifetimes whereas the endocytic pathway with subsequent lysosomal deposition adds a short-lived component for hydrophilic anionic PSs. Prolonged incubation times led to increasing contributions from short-lived components that derive from aggregates mainly localized in the cytoplasm. Encapsulation of PSs into polymeric carriers led to monomerization and mostly fluorescence emission decays with long fluorescence lifetimes in solution. However, the efficiency depended on the binding strength that was most pronounced for PVP. In the cellular environment, PVP was able to maintain monomeric long-lived species over prolonged incubation times. This was most pronounced for Ce6 derivatives with a logP value around 4.5. Micellar encapsulation led to faster release of the PSs resulting in multiple components with long and short fluorescence lifetimes. The hydrophilic hardly aggregating PS exhibited a mostly stable invariant lifetime distribution over time with both carriers. The presented data are expected to contribute to optimized PDT treatment protocols and improved PS-carrier design for preventing intracellular fluorescence quenching. In conclusion, amphiphilic and concurrent hydrophobic PSs with high membrane affinity as well as strong binding to the carrier have best prospects to maintain their photophysical properties in vivo and serve thus as efficient photodynamic diagnosis and PDT drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin S Spadin
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea P Gergely
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kämpfer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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2
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Belashov AV, Zhikhoreva AA, Gorbunova IA, Sasin ME, Shayakhmedov SS, Semenova IV. Photophysical properties of Radachlorin photosensitizer in solutions of different pH, viscosity and polarity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 305:123480. [PMID: 37827004 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a thorough experimental investigation of fluorescence properties of Radachlorin photosensitizer in solutions of different acidity, viscosity and polarity. Experiments were performed using time-resolved fluorescence lifetime imaging and time-resolved analysis of polarized fluorescence. Variations of solution acidity resulted in considerable changes of Radachlorin fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime in the pH range from 4 to 7, but did not affect the rotational diffusion time, and almost did not change the quantum yield and characteristic times of singlet oxygen phosphorescence. Variations of solution polarity and viscosity were achieved by changing ethanol or methanol fraction in aqueous solution. The decrease of solution polarity resulted in nonlinear rise of Radachlorin fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime up to alcohol concentration of 50%-65%, as well as in considerable rise of singlet oxygen quantum yield and significant changes in characteristic times of its phosphorescence. Variations of solution viscosity resulted in changes of rotational diffusion time of Radachlorin molecules, which appeared to be in perfect correlation with methanol solution viscosity. Good correspondence with ethanol solution viscosity was observed only up to 50% alcohol fraction. Deviations of rotational diffusion time of Radachlorin molecules from direct proportionality with solution viscosity at higher ethanol concentrations were suggested to be due to different solvation conditions. The data obtained can give important reference points for analysis of microenvironment of Radachlorin molecules, their intracellular localization and performance in singlet oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Belashov
- Ioffe Institute, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - A A Zhikhoreva
- Ioffe Institute, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - I A Gorbunova
- Ioffe Institute, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - M E Sasin
- Ioffe Institute, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia
| | - Sh S Shayakhmedov
- Chemical Analysis and Materials Research Centre, St.Petersburg State University, St.Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - I V Semenova
- Ioffe Institute, 26, Polytekhnicheskaya, St.Petersburg, 194021, Russia.
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3
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Gergely LP, Yüceel Ç, İşci Ü, Spadin FS, Schneider L, Spingler B, Frenz M, Dumoulin F, Vermathen M. Comparing PVP and Polymeric Micellar Formulations of a PEGylated Photosensitizing Phthalocyanine by NMR and Optical Techniques. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4165-4183. [PMID: 37493236 PMCID: PMC10410667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are ideal candidates as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer due to their favorable chemical and photophysical properties. However, their tendency to form aggregates in water reduces PDT efficacy and poses challenges in obtaining efficient forms of phthalocyanines for therapeutic applications. In the current work, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and micellar formulations were compared for encapsulating and monomerizing a water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine bearing four non-peripheral triethylene glycol chains (Pc1). 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that Pc1 exists as a mixture of regioisomers in monomeric form in dimethyl sulfoxide but forms dimers in an aqueous buffer. PVP, polyethylene glycol castor oil (Kolliphor RH40), and three different triblock copolymers with varying proportions of polyethylene and polypropylene glycol units (termed P188, P84, and F127) were tested as micellar carriers for Pc1. 1H NMR chemical shift analysis, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, and 2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy was applied to monitor the encapsulation and localization of Pc1 at the polymer interface. Kolliphor RH40 and F127 micelles exhibited the highest affinity for encapsulating Pc1 in the micellar core and resulted in intense Pc1 fluorescence emission as well as efficient singlet oxygen formation along with PVP. Among the triblock copolymers, efficiency in binding and dimer dissolution decreased in the order F127 > P84 > P188. PVP was a strong binder for Pc1. However, Pc1 molecules are rather surface-attached and exist as monomer and dimer mixtures. The results demonstrate that NMR combined with optical spectroscopy offer powerful tools to assess parameters like drug binding, localization sites, and dynamic properties that play key roles in achieving high host-guest compatibility. With the corresponding adjustments, polymeric micelles can offer simple and easily accessible drug delivery systems optimizing phthalocyanines' properties as efficient photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea P. Gergely
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Çiğdem Yüceel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Gebze Technical
University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ümit İşci
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Marmara
University, Faculty of Technology, Department
of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | | | - Lukas Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Dumoulin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Department, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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4
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Russell GM, Masai H, Terao J. Insulation of a coumarin derivative with [1]rotaxane to control solvation-induced effects in excited-state dynamics for enhanced luminescence. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15195-15200. [PMID: 35703560 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02221d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A coumarin derivative bearing a [1]rotaxane structure with permethylated α-cyclodextrins suppressed unwanted solvation-induced effects and increased luminescent quantum yields in medium- and high-polarity solvents. The non-radiative decay was suppressed by the twist in the π-conjugated system and the radiative decay was enhanced by the suppression of the polarity-induced structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go M Russell
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Masai
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan. .,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Jun Terao
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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5
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Sun R, Wan W, Jin W, Bai Y, Xia Q, Wang M, Huang Y, Zeng L, Sun J, Peng C, Jing B, Liu Y. Derivatizing Nile Red Fluorophores to Quantify the Heterogeneous Polarity upon Protein Aggregation in the Cell. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5407-5410. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00629d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation in the cell is often manifested by the formation of subcellular punctate structures. Herein, we modulated the solvatochromism and solubity of Nile Red fluorophore derivatives to quantitatively study...
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6
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Dong X, Wan W, Zeng L, Jin W, Huang Y, Shen D, Bai Y, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Liu Y, Gao Z. Regulation of Fluorescence Solvatochromism To Resolve Cellular Polarity upon Protein Aggregation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16447-16455. [PMID: 34859995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Common solvatochromic fluorophores exhibit a bathochromic fluorescence emission wavelength shift accompanied by intensity attenuation due to the presence of nonradiative decay pathways at the excited state. Such intrinsic but inevitable fluorescence quenching of solvatochromism impedes its applications to faithfully quantify local polarity, especially in a polar environment. Herein, we report a new donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) type solvatochromic fluorophore scaffold containing a perfluorophenyl group that exhibits both a solvatochromic emission wavelength shift and a controllable emission intensity upon polarity fluctuation. The regulation of fluorescence solvatochromism and colors was achieved by tuning the aryl donors. We exploited such desired solvatochromism of these probes to monitor protein misfolding and aggregation via wavelength shift. Finally, the polarity of pathogenic aggregated proteins was quantified by HaloTag bioorthogonal labeling technology in live cells. While much effort has been devoted to resolving the morphology of pathogenic aggregated proteins, this work provides quantitative hints regarding the chemical information at this disease-related protein interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Dong
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Wang Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lianggang Zeng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Wenhan Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Di Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qun Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zhenming Gao
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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7
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Reichert D, Erkkilae MT, Gesperger J, Wadiura LI, Lang A, Roetzer T, Woehrer A, Andreana M, Unterhuber A, Wilzbach M, Hauger C, Drexler W, Kiesel B, Widhalm G, Leitgeb RA. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging and Spectroscopic Co-Validation for Protoporphyrin IX-Guided Tumor Visualization in Neurosurgery. Front Oncol 2021; 11:741303. [PMID: 34595120 PMCID: PMC8476921 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.741303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximal safe resection is a key strategy for improving patient prognosis in the management of brain tumors. Intraoperative fluorescence guidance has emerged as a standard in the surgery of high-grade gliomas. The administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid prior to surgery induces tumor-specific accumulation of protoporphyrin IX, which emits red fluorescence under blue-light illumination. The technology, however, is substantially limited for low-grade gliomas and weakly tumor-infiltrated brain, where low protoporphyrin IX concentrations are outweighed by tissue autofluorescence. In this context, fluorescence lifetime imaging has shown promise to distinguish spectrally overlapping fluorophores. We integrated frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging in a surgical microscope and combined it with spatially registered fluorescence spectroscopy, which can be considered a research benchmark for sensitive protoporphyrin IX detection. Fluorescence lifetime maps and spectra were acquired for a representative set of fresh ex-vivo brain tumor specimens (low-grade gliomas n = 15, high-grade gliomas n = 80, meningiomas n = 41, and metastases n = 35). Combining the fluorescence lifetime with fluorescence spectra unveiled how weak protoporphyrin IX accumulations increased the lifetime respective to tissue autofluorescence. Infiltration zones (4.1ns ± 1.8ns, p = 0.017) and core tumor areas (4.8ns ± 1.3ns, p = 0.040) of low-grade gliomas were significantly distinguishable from non-pathologic tissue (1.6ns ± 0.5ns). Similarly, fluorescence lifetimes for infiltrated and reactive tissue as well as necrotic and core tumor areas were increased for high-grade gliomas and metastasis. Meningioma tumor specimens showed strongly increased lifetimes (12.2ns ± 2.5ns, p = 0.005). Our results emphasize the potential of fluorescence lifetime imaging to optimize maximal safe resection in brain tumors in future and highlight its potential toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reichert
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory OPTRAMED, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mikael T Erkkilae
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Gesperger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa I Wadiura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Roetzer
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Andreana
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Unterhuber
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Wilzbach
- Advanced Development Microsurgery, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Christoph Hauger
- Advanced Development Microsurgery, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kiesel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Widhalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory OPTRAMED, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Sun R, Cuthbert H, Watts C. Fluorescence-Guided Surgery in the Surgical Treatment of Gliomas: Past, Present and Future. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143508. [PMID: 34298721 PMCID: PMC8304525 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Gliomas are aggressive central nervous system tumours. The emergence and recent widespread adoption of 5-aminolevulinic acid and fluorescence guided surgery have improved the extent of resection, with implications for improved survival and progression-free survival. This review describes the history, rationale and mechanism behind the use of 5-aminolevulinic acid and fluorescence-guided surgery. We also discuss current limitations and future directions for this important adjunct to glioma surgery. This review aims to provide readers with an up-to-date overview and evidence base on this important topic. Abstract Gliomas are central nervous systems tumours which are diffusely infiltrative and difficult to treat. The extent of surgical resection is correlated with improved outcomes, including survival and disease-free progression. Cancerous tissue can be directly visualised intra-operatively under fluorescence by administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid to the patient. The adoption of this technique has allowed surgeons worldwide to achieve greater extents of resection, with implications for improved prognosis. However, there are practical limitations to use of 5-aminolevulinic acid. New adjuncts in the field of fluorescence-guided surgery aim to improve recognition of the interface between tumour and brain with the objective of improving resection and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK;
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Hadleigh Cuthbert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK;
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Colin Watts
- Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK;
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK
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9
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Ogbonna SJ, Hazama H, Awazu K. Mass Spectrometric Analysis of the Photobleaching of Protoporphyrin IX Used in Photodynamic Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1089-1096. [PMID: 33687739 DOI: 10.1111/php.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photobleaching and photoproduct formations are considered essential phenomena in improving the efficacy of photodynamic diagnosis and therapy (PDD and PDT). We investigated the photobleaching of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) by measuring its concentration with mass spectrometry (MS). The reduction in the concentration of PpIX dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide was measured during PDD and PDT conditions using lasers with wavelengths of 405 and 635 nm, respectively, at a power density of 10, 50 or 100 mW/cm2 . The obtained results were compared with the results of conventional fluorescence spectroscopy and previously reported results. Our results demonstrate the variation in the MS-based photobleaching coefficient of PpIX with the power density, while the fluorescence-based photobleaching coefficient was independent of the power density. The results of MS also show faster photobleaching of PpIX in comparison with that obtained from fluorescence. The difference may be attributed to the change in the fluorescence quantum yield of PpIX with its concentration and the effect of fluorescence emission from the PpIX photoproducts. Thus, an MS-based investigation of the photobleaching poses to be a more stable investigation form. Our finding highlights the importance of recognizing the potential significance of these discoveries in the PDD and PDT dosimetry and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisanao Hazama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunio Awazu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Mo W, Patel NJ, Chen Y, Pandey R, Sunar U. Mapping fluorescence resonance energy transfer parameters of a bifunctional agent using time-domain fluorescence diffuse optical tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000291. [PMID: 33025728 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to map fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) parameters of a bifunctional photodynamic therapy agent, (2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a)-cyanine dye (HPPH-CD) conjugate, which consists of a photosensitizer (HPPH) and a fluorescent agent CD. We utilized time-domain fluorescence diffuse optical tomography, the normalized Born ratio model in the Fourier-domain, and an iterative algorithm to map depth-resolved spatial heterogeneities of FRET parameters. Our results exhibited depth-resolved changes of fluorophore's lifetime and the distance maps due to FRET between HPPH and CD. Our model suggests a potential approach of using FRET parameters to monitor efficacies of multifunctional photodynamic therapy agents in deep tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Mo
- Topcon Healthcare Solutions, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Nayan J Patel
- Department of Cell Stress Biology and PDT Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yihui Chen
- Department of Cell Stress Biology and PDT Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department of Cell Stress Biology and PDT Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ulas Sunar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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11
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Raul BAL, Luponosov YN, Yang W, Surin NM, Douhéret O, Min J, Jansen TLC, Ponomarenko SA, Pshenichnikov MS. Excited state dynamics and exciton diffusion in triphenylamine/dicyanovinyl push-pull small molecule for organic optoelectronics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21198. [PMID: 33273567 PMCID: PMC7713310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Triphenylamine-based small push–pull molecules have recently attracted substantial research attention due to their unique optoelectronic properties. Here, we investigate the excited state de-excitation dynamics and exciton diffusion in TPA-T-DCV-Ph-F small molecule, having simple chemical structure with asymmetrical architecture and end-capped with electron-withdrawing p-fluorodicyanovinyl group. The excited state lifetime in diluted solutions (0.04 ns in toluene and 0.4 ns in chloroform) are found to be surprisingly shorter compared to the solid state (3 ns in PMMA matrix). Time-dependent density functional theory indicates that this behavior originates from non-radiative relaxation of the excited state through a conical intersection between the ground and singlet excited state potential energy surfaces. Exciton diffusion length of ~ 16 nm in solution processed films was retrieved by employing time-resolved photoluminescence volume quenching measurements with Monte Carlo simulations. As means of investigating the device performance of TPA-T-DCV-Ph-F, we manufactured solution and vacuum processed bulk heterojunction solar cells that yielded efficiencies of ~ 1.5% and ~ 3.7%, respectively. Our findings demonstrate that the short lifetime in solutions does not hinder per se long exciton diffusion length in films thereby granting applications of TPA-T-DCV-Ph-F and similar push–pull molecules in vacuum and solution processable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedito A L Raul
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yuriy N Luponosov
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 70, Moscow, 117393, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Wenyan Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Nikolay M Surin
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 70, Moscow, 117393, Russia
| | - Olivier Douhéret
- Materia Nova R&D Center, Avenue Nicolas Copernic 3, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, 430072, Hubei Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Thomas L C Jansen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sergei A Ponomarenko
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya 70, Moscow, 117393, Russia.,Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 1/3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Maxim S Pshenichnikov
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Erkkilä MT, Reichert D, Gesperger J, Kiesel B, Roetzer T, Mercea PA, Drexler W, Unterhuber A, Leitgeb RA, Woehrer A, Rueck A, Andreana M, Widhalm G. Macroscopic fluorescence-lifetime imaging of NADH and protoporphyrin IX improves the detection and grading of 5-aminolevulinic acid-stained brain tumors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20492. [PMID: 33235233 PMCID: PMC7686506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximal safe tumor resection remains the key prognostic factor for improved prognosis in brain tumor patients. Despite 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fluorescence guidance the neurosurgeon is, however, not able to visualize most low-grade gliomas (LGG) and infiltration zone of high-grade gliomas (HGG). To overcome the need for a more sensitive visualization, we investigated the potential of macroscopic, wide-field fluorescence lifetime imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) in selected human brain tumors. For future intraoperative use, the imaging system offered a square field of view of 11 mm at 250 mm free working distance. We performed imaging of tumor tissue ex vivo, including LGG and HGG as well as brain metastases obtained from 21 patients undergoing fluorescence-guided surgery. Half of all samples showed visible fluorescence during surgery, which was associated with significant increase in PPIX fluorescence lifetime. While the PPIX lifetime was significantly different between specific tumor tissue types, the NADH lifetimes did not differ significantly among them. However, mainly necrotic areas exhibited significantly lower NADH lifetimes compared to compact tumor in HGG. Our pilot study indicates that combined fluorescence lifetime imaging of NADH/PPIX represents a sensitive tool to visualize brain tumor tissue not detectable with conventional 5-ALA fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael T Erkkilä
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Reichert
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory OPTRAMED, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Gesperger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Kiesel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Roetzer
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra A Mercea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Unterhuber
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rainer A Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory OPTRAMED, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Rueck
- Core Facility Confocal and Multiphoton Microscopy, Ulm University, N24/4105, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marco Andreana
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Georg Widhalm
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Sagoo K, Cumberbatch N, Holland A, Hungerford G. Rapid (FLASH-FLIM) imaging of protoporphyrin IX in a lipid mixture using a CMOS based widefield fluorescence lifetime imaging camera in real time for margin demarcation applications. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2020; 9. [PMID: 32992309 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/abbcc6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence from protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) has been employed to characterise cellular activity and assist in the visualisation of tumour cells. Its formation can be induced by 5-aminolevulonic acid (5-ALA) which is metabolised by tumour cells to form PpIX. The PpIX is localised within the cells, rather than spreading into the vascular system. This, plus its photophysics, exhibits potential in photodynamic therapy. Hence its study and the ability to rapidly image its localisation is of importance, especially in the field of fluorescence guided surgery. This has led to investigations using tissue phantoms and widefield intensity imaging. Aggregation or the presence of photoproducts can alter PpIX emission, which has implications using widefield imaging and a broad wavelength range detection. The use of the fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) is therefore advantageous as it can distinguish between the emissive species as they exhibit different fluorescence lifetimes. Here we use PpIX in a construct consisting of lipid mixture (Intralipid), employed to simulate fat content and optical scattering, in a gellan gum matrix. PpIX in intralipid in aqueous solution was injected into the gellan host to form inclusions. The samples are imaged using commercial widefield TCSPC camera based on a sensor chip with 192 x 128 pixels. Each pixel contains both detection and photon timing enabling the Fluorescence Lifetime Acquisition by Simultaneous Histogramming (FLASH). This "FLASH-FLIM" approach enables widefield fluorescence lifetime images, displayed in real time to be acquired, which has potential for use in visualising tumour boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulwinder Sagoo
- Horiba Jobin Yvon, Glasgow, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Nathan Cumberbatch
- HORIBA UK Ltd, Northampton, London, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Adam Holland
- HORIBA UK Ltd, Northampton, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
| | - Graham Hungerford
- Horiba Jobin Yvon, 133 Finnieston Street, Glasgow, G3 8HB, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
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Tsubone TM, Zhang Z, Goyal R, Santacruz C, Martins WK, Kohn J, Baptista MS. Porphyrin-Loaded TyroSpheres for the Intracellular Delivery of Drugs and Photoinduced Oxidant Species. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2911-2924. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tayana Mazin Tsubone
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Zheng Zhang
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8009, United States
| | - Ritu Goyal
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8009, United States
| | - Carolina Santacruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | | | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8009, United States
| | - Mauricio S. Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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15
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Erkkilä MT, Bauer B, Hecker‐Denschlag N, Madera Medina MJ, Leitgeb RA, Unterhuber A, Gesperger J, Roetzer T, Hauger C, Drexler W, Widhalm G, Andreana M. Widefield fluorescence lifetime imaging of protoporphyrin IX for fluorescence-guided neurosurgery: An ex vivo feasibility study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800378. [PMID: 30636030 PMCID: PMC7065606 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Achieving a maximal safe extent of resection during brain tumor surgery is the goal for improved patient prognosis. Fluorescence-guided neurosurgery using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX has thereby become a valuable tool enabling a high frequency of complete resections and a prolonged progression-free survival in glioblastoma patients. We present a widefield fluorescence lifetime imaging device with 250 mm working distance, working under similar conditions such as surgical microscopes based on a time-of-flight dual tap CMOS camera. In contrast to intensity-based fluorescence imaging, our method is invariant to light scattering and absorption while being sensitive to the molecular composition of the tissue. We evaluate the feasibility of lifetime imaging of protoporphyrin IX using our system to analyze brain tumor phantoms and fresh 5-ALA-labeled human tissue samples. The results demonstrate the potential of our lifetime sensing device to go beyond the limitation of current intensity-based fluorescence-guided neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael T. Erkkilä
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Advanced Development Microsurgery, Carl Zeiss Meditec AGOberkochenGermany
| | - Bianca Bauer
- Advanced Development Microsurgery, Carl Zeiss Meditec AGOberkochenGermany
| | | | | | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Optical Imaging and Its Translation to MedicineMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Angelika Unterhuber
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Johanna Gesperger
- Institute of NeurologyGeneral Hospital and Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Roetzer
- Institute of NeurologyGeneral Hospital and Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Christoph Hauger
- Advanced Development Microsurgery, Carl Zeiss Meditec AGOberkochenGermany
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Georg Widhalm
- Department of NeurosurgeryGeneral Hospital and Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Marco Andreana
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical EngineeringMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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