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Marschick G, Pelini J, Gabbrielli T, Cappelli F, Weih R, Knötig H, Koeth J, Höfling S, De Natale P, Strasser G, Borri S, Hinkov B. Mid-infrared Ring Interband Cascade Laser: Operation at the Standard Quantum Limit. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:395-403. [PMID: 38405392 PMCID: PMC10885206 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Many precision applications in the mid-infrared spectral range have strong constraints based on quantum effects that are expressed in particular noise characteristics. They limit, e.g., sensitivity and resolution of mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopic systems as well as the bit-error rate in optical free-space communication. Interband cascade lasers (ICLs) are a class of mid-infrared lasers exploiting interband transitions in type-II band alignment geometry. They are currently gaining significant importance for mid-infrared applications from < 3 to > 6 μm wavelength, enabled by novel types of high-performance ICLs such as ring-cavity devices. Their noise behavior is an important feature that still needs to be thoroughly analyzed, including its potential reduction with respect to the shot-noise limit. In this work, we provide a comprehensive characterization of λ = 3.8 μm-emitting, continuous-wave ring ICLs operating at room temperature. It is based on an in-depth study of their main physical intensity noise features such as their bias-dependent intensity noise power spectral density and relative intensity noise. We obtained shot-noise-limited statistics for Fourier frequencies above 100 kHz. This is an important result for precision applications, e.g., interferometry or advanced spectroscopy, which benefit from exploiting the advantage of using such a shot-noise-limited source, enhancing the setup sensitivity. Moreover, it is an important feature for novel quantum optics schemes, including testing specific light states below the shot-noise level, such as squeezed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Marschick
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Jacopo Pelini
- University
of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I 40, Napoli 80138, Italy
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Largo Fermi, 6, Firenze, FI 50125, Italy
| | - Tecla Gabbrielli
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappelli
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Robert Weih
- nanoplus
Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, Gerbrunn 97218, Germany
| | - Hedwig Knötig
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Johannes Koeth
- nanoplus
Nanosystems and Technologies GmbH, Oberer Kirschberg 4, Gerbrunn 97218, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg—Physikalisches Institut, Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Paolo De Natale
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Largo Fermi, 6, Firenze, FI 50125, Italy
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- INFN—Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Sansone, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Gottfried Strasser
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
| | - Simone Borri
- CNR-INO—Istituto
Nazionale di Ottica, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- LENS—European
Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Via Carrara, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
- INFN—Istituto
Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Via Sansone, 1, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Borislav Hinkov
- TU
Wien—Institute of Solid State Electronics & Center for
Micro- and Nanostructures, Gußhausstraße 25-25a, Vienna 1040, Austria
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Ultra-low threshold lasing through phase front engineering via a metallic circular aperture. Nat Commun 2022; 13:230. [PMID: 35017524 PMCID: PMC8752788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor lasers with extremely low threshold power require a combination of small volume active region with high-quality-factor cavities. For ridge lasers with highly reflective coatings, an ultra-low threshold demands significantly suppressing the diffraction loss at the facets of the laser. Here, we demonstrate that introducing a subwavelength aperture in the metallic highly reflective coating of a laser can correct the phase front, thereby counter-intuitively enhancing both its modal reflectivity and transmissivity at the same time. Theoretical and experimental results manifest a decreasing in the mirror loss by over 40% and an increasing in the transmissivity by 104. Implementing this method on a small-cavity quantum cascade laser, room-temperature continuous-wave lasing operation at 4.5 μm wavelength with an electrical consumption power of only 143 mW is achieved. Our work suggests possibilities for future portable applications and can be implemented in a broad range of optoelectronic systems. Low threshold lasing is widely required, especially for portable systems. Here the authors design a circular subwavelength metallic aperture in a QCL to shape its phase front and control diffraction losses, which in turn allows a lower threshold dissipation power, enabling the fabrication of shorter cavities.
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Liu C, Tuzson B, Scheidegger P, Looser H, Bereiter B, Graf M, Hundt M, Aseev O, Maas D, Emmenegger L. Laser driving and data processing concept for mobile trace gas sensing: Design and implementation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:065107. [PMID: 29960583 DOI: 10.1063/1.5026546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
High precision mobile sensing of multi-species gases is greatly demanded in a wide range of applications. Although quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy demonstrates excellent field-deployment capabilities for gas sensing, the implementation of this measurement technique into sensor-like portable instrumentation still remains challenging. In this paper, two crucial elements, the laser driving and data acquisition electronics, are addressed. Therefore, we exploit the benefits of the time-division multiplexed intermittent continuous wave driving concept and the real-time signal pre-processing capabilities of a commercial System-on-Chip (SoC, Red Pitaya). We describe a re-designed current driver that offers a universal solution for operating a wide range of multi-wavelength quantum cascade laser device types and allows stacking for the purpose of multiple laser configurations. Its adaptation to the various driving situations is enabled by numerous field programmable gate array (FPGA) functionalities that were developed on the SoC, such as flexible generation of a large variety of synchronized trigger signals and digital inputs/outputs (DIOs). The same SoC is used to sample the spectroscopic signal at rates up to 125 MS/s with 14-bit resolution. Additional FPGA functionalities were implemented to enable on-board averaging of consecutive spectral scans in real-time, resulting in optimized memory bandwidth and hardware resource utilisation and autonomous system operation. Thus, we demonstrate how a cost-effective, compact, and commercial SoC can successfully be adapted to obtain a fully operational research-grade laser spectrometer. The overall system performance was examined in a spectroscopic setup by analyzing low pressure absorption features of CO2 at 4.3 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Béla Tuzson
- Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Manuel Graf
- Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Morten Hundt
- Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Oleg Aseev
- Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Deran Maas
- ABB Switzerland Ltd., Baden-Dättwil, 5405 Baden, Switzerland
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Gundogdu S, Pisheh HS, Demir A, Gunoven M, Aydinli A, Sirtori C. Time resolved Fabry-Perot measurements of cavity temperature in pulsed QCLs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:6572-6580. [PMID: 29609345 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.006572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Temperature rise during operation is a central concern of semiconductor lasers and especially difficult to measure during a pulsed operation. We present a technique for in situ time-resolved temperature measurement of quantum cascade lasers operating in a pulsed mode at ~9.25 μm emission wavelength. Using a step-scan approach with 5 ns resolution, we measure the temporal evolution of the spectral density, observing longitudinal Fabry-Perot modes that correspond to different transverse modes. Considering the multiple thin layers that make up the active layer and the associated Kapitza resistance, thermal properties of QCLs are significantly different than bulk-like laser diodes where this approach was successfully used. Compounded by the lattice expansion and refractive index changes due to time-dependent temperature rise, Fabry-Perot modes were observed and analyzed from the time-resolved emission spectra of quantum cascade lasers to deduce the cavity temperature. Temperature rise of a QCL in a pulsed mode operation between -160 °C to -80 °C was measured as a function of time. Using the temporal temperature variations, a thermal model was constructed that led to the extraction of cavity thermal conductivity in agreement with previous results. Critical in maximizing pulsed output power, the effect of the duty cycle on the evolution of laser heating was studied in situ, leading to a heat map to guide the operation of pulsed lasers.
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