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Qu H, Huang W, Lin Z, Cheng X, Min R, Teng C, Caucheteur C, Hu X. Influence of Annealing on Polymer Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Inscription, Stability and Sensing: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7578. [PMID: 37688031 PMCID: PMC10490614 DOI: 10.3390/s23177578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews recent research progress on the annealing effects on polymer optical fibers (POFs), which are of great importance for inscription, stability and sensing applications of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in POFs due to their unique properties related to polymer molecular chains. In this review, the principle of annealing to reduce frozen-in stress in POFs drawing and different annealing timings are firstly summarized. Then, the annealing methods for POFs are introduced under several different conditions (temperature, humidity, strain, stress and solution). Afterwards, the principle of FBGs and several inscription techniques are reported. Subsequently, the annealing effects on the properties of POFs and polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings (POFBGs) quality are discussed. Finally, the influence of annealing on POFBG sensitivity is summarized. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of annealing techniques and their impact on both POFs and POFBGs. We hope that it will highlight the important progress made in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Qu
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.L.)
| | - Weiyuan Huang
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhoupeng Lin
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (H.Q.); (W.H.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Photonics Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 997700, China;
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Chuanxin Teng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
| | - Christophe Caucheteur
- Department of Electromagnetism and Telecommunication, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Xuehao Hu
- Department of Electromagnetism and Telecommunication, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
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Leal-Junior A, Lopes G, Macedo LC, Duque W, Frizera A, Marques C. Heterogeneous Optical Fiber Sensor System for Temperature and Turbidity Assessment in Wide Range. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1041. [PMID: 36421159 PMCID: PMC9688452 DOI: 10.3390/bios12111041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of an optical fiber sensor system for multiparametric assessment of temperature and turbidity in liquid samples. The sensors are based on the combination between fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), intensity variation and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. In this case, the intensity variation sensors are capable of detecting turbidity with a resolution of about 0.5 NTU in a limited range between 0.02 NTU and 100 NTU. As the turbidity increases, a saturation trend in the sensor is observed. In contrast, the SPR-based sensor is capable of detecting refractive index (RI) variation. However, RI measurements in the turbidity calibrated samples indicate a significant variation on the RI only when the turbidity is higher than 100 NTU. Thus, the SPR-based sensor is used as a complementary approach for the dynamic range increase of the turbidity assessment, where a linearity and sensitivity of 98.6% and 313.5 nm/RIU, respectively, are obtained. Finally, the FBG sensor is used in the temperature assessment, an assessment which is not only used for water quality assessment, but also in temperature cross-sensitivity mitigation of the SPR sensor. Furthermore, this approach also leads to the possibility of indirect assessment of turbidity through the differences in the heat transfer rates due to the turbidity increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaldo Leal-Junior
- Graduate Program of Electrical Engineering of Federal, University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
- Mechanical Engineering Department of Federal, University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Lopes
- Physics Department & I3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Leandro C. Macedo
- Graduate Program of Electrical Engineering of Federal, University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Welton Duque
- Graduate Program of Electrical Engineering of Federal, University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Frizera
- Graduate Program of Electrical Engineering of Federal, University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, Brazil
| | - Carlos Marques
- Physics Department & I3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Pereira L, Mesquita E, Alberto N, Melo J, Marques C, Antunes P, André PS, Varum H. Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Reinforcing Bar Slippage Detection and Bond-Slip Gradient Characterization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8866. [PMID: 36433466 PMCID: PMC9695209 DOI: 10.3390/s22228866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The detection of bond-slip between the reinforcing bar (RB) and concrete is of great importance to ensure the safety of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The techniques to monitor the connection between the RB and concrete are in constant development, with special focus on the ones with straightforward operation and simple non-intrusive implementation. In this work, a simple configuration is developed using 10 optical fiber sensors, allowing different sections of the same RC structure to be monitored. Since the RB may suffer different strains along its length, the location of the sensors is critical to provide an early warning about any displacement. Bragg gratings were inscribed in both silica and polymer optical fibers and these devices worked as displacement sensors by monitoring the strain variations on the fibers. The results showed that these sensors can be easily implemented in a civil construction environment, and due to the small dimensions, they can be a non-intrusive technique when multiple sensors are implemented in the same RC structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pereira
- I3N & Department of Physics of the University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Esequiel Mesquita
- Laboratory of Rehabilitation and Buildings Durability, Campus Russas, Federal University of Ceara, 62900-000 Russas, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nélia Alberto
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Melo
- CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Department of Civil Engineering, Structural Division, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Marques
- I3N & Department of Physics of the University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Antunes
- I3N & Department of Physics of the University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paulo S. André
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Humberto Varum
- CONSTRUCT-LESE, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Department of Civil Engineering, Structural Division, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Influence of UV Radiation on Mechanical Properties of Polymer Optical Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214496. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the mechanical properties of different polymer optical fibers (POFs) at ultraviolet (UV) radiation conditions. Cyclic transparent optical polymer (CYTOP) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) optical fibers are used in these analyses. In this case, the fiber samples are irradiated at the same wavelength, pulse time and energy conditions for different times, namely, 10 s, 1 min, 2 min and 3 min. The samples are tested in tensile tests and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) to infer the variation in the static and dynamic properties of such fibers as a function of the UV radiation condition. Furthermore, reference samples of each fiber (without UV radiation) are tested for comparison purposes. The results show a lower UV resistance of PMMA fibers, i.e., higher variation in the material features in static conditions (Young’s modulus variation of 0.65 GPa). In addition, CYTOP fiber (material known for its high UV resistance related to its optical properties) also presented Young’s modulus variation of around 0.38 GPa. The reason for this reduction in the moduli is related to possible localized annealing due to thermal effects when the fibers are subjected to UV radiation. The dynamic results also indicated a higher variation in the PMMA fibers storage modulus, which is around 30% higher than the variations in the CYTOP fibers when different radiation conditions are analyzed. However, CYTOP fibers show a smaller operational temperature range and higher variation in the storage modulus as a function of the temperature when compared with PMMA fibers. In contrast, PMMA fibers show higher variations in their material properties when subjected to oscillatory loads at different frequency conditions. Thus, the results obtained in this work can be used as guidelines for the influence of UV radiation in POFs not only for the material choice, but also on the limitations of UV radiation in the fabrication of the grating as well as in sensor applications at UV radiation conditions.
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Yuan H, Kida T, Ishitobi Y, Tanaka R, Yamaguchi M, Nakayama Y, Shiono T. Cyclic Olefin Copolymer Bearing Pendant Fluorenyl Groups with High Refractive Index and Low Chromatic Dispersion. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Yuan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Takumitsu Kida
- School of Materials Science, Materials Chemistry Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Yuma Ishitobi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ryo Tanaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamaguchi
- School of Materials Science, Materials Chemistry Area, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292 Japan
| | - Yuushou Nakayama
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiono
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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Teng C, Min R, Zheng J, Deng S, Li M, Hou L, Yuan L. Intensity-Modulated Polymer Optical Fiber-Based Refractive Index Sensor: A Review. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010081. [PMID: 35009621 PMCID: PMC8747346 DOI: 10.3390/s22010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The simple and highly sensitive measurement of the refractive index (RI) of liquids is critical for designing the optical instruments and important in biochemical sensing applications. Intensity modulation-based polymer optical fiber (POF) RI sensors have a lot of advantages including low cost, easy fabrication and operation, good flexibility, and working in the visible wavelength. In this review, recent developments of the intensity modulation POF-based RI sensors are summarized. The materials of the POF and the working principle of intensity modulation are introduced briefly. Moreover, the RI sensing performance of POF sensors with different structures including tapered, bent, and side-polished structures, among others, are presented in detail. Finally, the sensing performance for different structures of POF-based RI sensors are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Teng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.D.); (M.L.); (L.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (L.H.)
| | - Rui Min
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China;
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Shijie Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.D.); (M.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Maosen Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.D.); (M.L.); (L.Y.)
| | - Li Hou
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (L.H.)
| | - Libo Yuan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China; (S.D.); (M.L.); (L.Y.)
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Humidity-Sensitive PMMA Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Probe for Soil Temperature and Moisture Measurement Based on Its Intrinsic Water Affinity. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21216946. [PMID: 34770253 PMCID: PMC8587025 DOI: 10.3390/s21216946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soil moisture measurement is very important for soil system monitoring. Compared to the traditional thermo-gravimetric technique, which is time-consuming and can be only performed in labs, the optic-fiber technique has unique advantages, such as small size, remote application in fields, fast response time and immunity to electromagnetic fields. In this paper, the soil moisture is measured by using a polymer optical fiber Bragg grating (POFBG) probe with a packaged dimension of 40 mm × 15 mm × 8 mm. Due to the intrinsic water-absorbing property of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), optical fiber Bragg gratings based on PMMA have been widely investigated for humidity measurement. Taking advantage of this, a sensor based on the POFBG is investigated to verify the soil condition. The POFBG is protectively integrated inside a stainless-steel package. A window is opened with a thin polypropylene mat as a filter, which allows the air to go through but prevents the soil from going inside to pollute the POFBG. The sensor probe is embedded in soils with different gravimetric soil moisture contents (SMCs) ranging from 0% to 40% and, then, insulated by polyethylene films to minimize the impact from the external environment, showing an average temperature cross sensitivity of −0.080 nm/°C. For a constant temperature, an exponential relationship between the Bragg wavelength and the SMC is obtained. For the SMCs between 8% and 24%, linear relationships are presented showing a temperature-corresponded sensitivity between 0.011 nm/% and 0.018 nm/%. The maximal sensitivity is calculated to be 0.018 nm/% at 20 °C, which is 28 times as high as that in the previous work. For the SMC over 24%, the sensor becomes insensitive because of humidity saturation in the cavity of the sensor probe. Though temperature cross sensitivity is problematic for SMC measurement, the influence could be eliminated by integrating another humidity-insensitive temperature sensor, such as a silica FBG temperature sensor.
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Gierej A, Geernaert T, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P, Thienpont H, Berghmans F. Challenges in the Fabrication of Biodegradable and Implantable Optical Fibers for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14081972. [PMID: 33920842 PMCID: PMC8071099 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The limited penetration depth of visible light in biological tissues has encouraged researchers to develop novel implantable light-guiding devices. Optical fibers and waveguides that are made from biocompatible and biodegradable materials offer a straightforward but effective approach to overcome this issue. In the last decade, various optically transparent biomaterials, as well as different fabrication techniques, have been investigated for this purpose, and in view of obtaining fully fledged optical fibers. This article reviews the state-of-the-art in the development of biocompatible and biodegradable optical fibers. Whilst several reviews that focus on the chemical properties of the biomaterials from which these optical waveguides can be made have been published, a systematic review about the actual optical fibers made from these materials and the different fabrication processes is not available yet. This prompted us to investigate the essential properties of these biomaterials, in view of fabricating optical fibers, and in particular to look into the issues related to fabrication techniques, and also to discuss the challenges in the use and operation of these optical fibers. We close our review with a summary and an outline of the applications that may benefit from these novel optical waveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gierej
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.G.); (S.V.V.); (H.T.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thomas Geernaert
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.G.); (S.V.V.); (H.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.G.); (S.V.V.); (H.T.); (F.B.)
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group (PBM), Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.G.); (S.V.V.); (H.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Francis Berghmans
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT), Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (T.G.); (S.V.V.); (H.T.); (F.B.)
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Bio-Based Polyethylene Composites with Natural Fiber: Mechanical, Thermal, and Ageing Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13112595. [PMID: 32517282 PMCID: PMC7321553 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the possibility of using natural fibers as a reinforcement of bio-polyethylene. Flax, coconut, basalt fiber, and wood flour were used in the work. Strength tests like static tensile test, three-point flexural test, or impact strength showed a positive effect of reinforcing bio-polyethylene-based composites. The effect of water and thermal ageing on the mechanical behavior of composites was assessed. In order to analyze the structure, SEM microscope images were taken and the effect of natural fibers on the change in the nature of cracking of composites was presented. Composites with natural fibers at a content of 12% by weight, resulting in increase of strength and rigidity of materials. The greatest strengthening effect for natural fibers was obtained for the composite with basalt fibers.
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Investigating Polymer Fibre Optics for Condition Monitoring of Synthetic Mooring Lines. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic mooring lines are becoming a popular alternative to conventional chain mooring systems. For marine renewable energy devices, they have been considered as an enabling technology for this nascent sector, given their reduced costs and ease of deployment. However, the extreme operating environment has led to an increased interest in the ‘in-situ’ condition monitoring of these mooring lines. This paper considers the use of polymer fibre optic technology and the optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) technique for the condition monitoring of synthetic mooring lines. To establish the operating envelope of the fibres, Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) polymer optical fibres are mechanically tested. Additionally, an OTDR is used to monitor fibres whilst under elongation using a tensile test machine, and the sensitivity of the system in monitoring strain is established. At the lowest strain rate, the average proportional limit and yield points of the fibres are found at 1.16% strain and 5.41% strain, respectively. Fatigue exposure of fibres up to 1.25% strain identifies no measurable effect on fibres’ proportional limit or yield point. The occurrence of significant creep is identified for fibres strained beyond 1.5%. The OTDR system is able to identify strains at and above 4%. The study identifies important criteria that should be considered in the integration of polymer optical fibres for mooring applications. Limitations are discussed and suggestions for progressing this technology are provided.
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Root W, Bechtold T, Pham T. Textile-Integrated Thermocouples for Temperature Measurement. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030626. [PMID: 32023832 PMCID: PMC7040602 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The integration of conductive materials in textiles is key for detecting temperature in the wearer´s environment. When integrating sensors into textiles, properties such as their flexibility, handle, and stretch must stay unaffected by the functionalization. Conductive materials are difficult to integrate into textiles, since wires are stiff, and coatings show low adhesion. This work shows that various substrates such as cotton, cellulose, polymeric, carbon, and optical fiber-based textiles are used as support materials for temperature sensors. Suitable measurement principles for use in textiles are based on resistance changes, optical interferences (fiber Bragg grating), or thermoelectric effects. This review deals with developments in the construction of temperature sensors and the production of thermocouples for use in textiles. The operating principle of thermocouples is based on temperature gradients building up between a heated and a cold junction of two conductors, which is converted to a voltage output signal. This work also summarizes integration methods for thermocouples and other temperature-sensing techniques as well as the manufacture of conductive materials in textiles. In addition, textile thermocouples are emphasized as suitable and indispensable elements in sensor concepts for smart textiles.
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Large Structural Shear Deformation and Failure Monitoring Using Bend Losses in Polymer Optical Fibre. SENSORS 2019; 20:s20010195. [PMID: 31905781 PMCID: PMC6983129 DOI: 10.3390/s20010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid identification of structural damage positions is essential to the post-disaster rehabilitation of structures and infrastructures. Large shear deformation, e.g., shear failure of bridge piers, shear-slip of slopes, and shear cracking of structural walls, is often the cause of structural instability. Distributed optical fibre sensing (DOFS) techniques have an advantage over point-based sensors in terms of spatial continuous structural condition monitoring. This paper presents the development of new measurement theory and algorithm to evaluate the structural shear deflection based on the large beam deflection and optical bend loss theories. The proposed technique adopted a photon-counting Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (ν-OTDR) with polymer optical fibres (POFs) which has a large deformation measurement range and high spatial resolution. In the experiment, shear deformation events can be successfully detected and evaluated from the proposed technique. When the normalised shear deformation is larger than 0.2, both the event locations and the magnitudes can be accurately determined. When normalised shear deformation is lesser than 0.2, the error in the magnitude evaluation increased, but the event location can be found with an absolute error <0.5 m. Multiple shear events can be treated as independent events when they are separated by more than 5 m. Various configurations of POFs attached to concrete beam specimens for rupture failure monitoring were also studied. The configuration that could maximise the POF curvature at the beam failure produced the largest ν-OTDR signals. In other configurations in which the POFs were only stretched at failure, the signals were less strong and were influenced by the POF-structure bonding strength.
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