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Asimakis E, Shehata AA, Eisenreich W, Acheuk F, Lasram S, Basiouni S, Emekci M, Ntougias S, Taner G, May-Simera H, Yilmaz M, Tsiamis G. Algae and Their Metabolites as Potential Bio-Pesticides. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020307. [PMID: 35208762 PMCID: PMC8877611 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing human population necessitates more food production, yet current techniques in agriculture, such as chemical pesticide use, have negative impacts on the ecosystems and strong public opposition. Alternatives to synthetic pesticides should be safe for humans, the environment, and be sustainable. Extremely diverse ecological niches and millions of years of competition have shaped the genomes of algae to produce a myriad of substances that may serve humans in various biotechnological areas. Among the thousands of described algal species, only a small number have been investigated for valuable metabolites, yet these revealed the potential of algal metabolites as bio-pesticides. This review focuses on macroalgae and microalgae (including cyanobacteria) and their extracts or purified compounds, that have proven to be effective antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, nematocides, insecticides, herbicides, and plant growth stimulants. Moreover, the mechanisms of action of the majority of these metabolites against plant pests are thoroughly discussed. The available information demonstrated herbicidal activities via inhibition of photosynthesis, antimicrobial activities via induction of plant defense responses, inhibition of quorum sensing and blocking virus entry, and insecticidal activities via neurotoxicity. The discovery of antimetabolites also seems to hold great potential as one recent example showed antimicrobial and herbicidal properties. Algae, especially microalgae, represent a vast untapped resource for discovering novel and safe biopesticide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Asimakis
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St., 30131 Agrinio, Greece;
| | - Awad A. Shehata
- Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, 56290 Gödenroth, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Bavarian NMR Center—Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany;
| | - Fatma Acheuk
- Laboratory for Valorization and Conservation of Biological Resources, Faculty of Sciences, University M’Hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria;
| | - Salma Lasram
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of Plants, Borj-Cedria Biotechnology Center. BP. 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia;
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (H.M.-S.)
| | - Mevlüt Emekci
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Keçiören, Ankara 06135, Turkey;
| | - Spyridon Ntougias
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Vas. Sofias 12, 67132 Xanthi, Greece;
| | - Gökçe Taner
- Department of Bioengineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa 16310, Turkey;
| | - Helen May-Simera
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (S.B.); (H.M.-S.)
| | - Mete Yilmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa 16310, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (G.T.)
| | - George Tsiamis
- Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 2 Seferi St., 30131 Agrinio, Greece;
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (G.T.)
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Ahmad A, Faizi S, Siddiqui PJA, Fayyaz S, Khan K, Iqbal EY, Rasheed M, Muzafar W. Bioassay Directed Fractionation of Petroleum Ether Extract of Aerial Parts of Ceriops tagal: Isolation of Lupeol as the Nematicidal Agent against Cyst Nematode Heterodera zeae. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100759. [PMID: 35001512 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plant parasitic cyst nematode Heterodera zeae is a pest, causing substantial economic losses in agriculture. Organic pesticides, based on plant products have emerged as eco-benign nematicidal agents. Ceriops tagal is a well-known marine medicinal plant which has not been evaluated against any nematode. Petroleum ether extract of the aerial parts of the plant (CTP), exhibited promising activity against infective stage larvae of H. zeae . On subjecting to classical solvent-solvent separation, it afforded petroleum ether soluble (CTP-S), methanol soluble ( CTPMS-1 , CTPMS-2) and insoluble (CTPM-IN-2) fractions, which exhibited activity against the cyst nematode within 24 h exposure. GC, GCMS and ESI-HRMS analyses of CTPMS-1 and CTPMS-2 fractions resulted in the identification of a number of compounds, including pentacyclic triterpenoids, lupeol ( 1 ), betunal ( 2 ), betulin ( 3 ), lupenone ( 4 ), betulonaldehyde ( 5 ), betulonic acid ( 7 ), methyl-3-acetoxy-27- O -(3,4-dihydroxy- E -cinnamoyl)-20(29)-lupen-28-oate ( 8 ) and β -amyrin, along with phenylpropanoid esters, fatty acids and their derivatives, benzamide, and indole derivatives. CTPM-IN-2 which mainly contained lupeol ( 1 ) exhibited maximum nematicidal activity, with 91% and 93% mortality of the larvae of H. zeae , after exposure for 72 h at the concentration of 0.5% and 1%, respectively. Its fractionation and purification through column chromatography resulted in the isolation and identification of four lupane-type triterpenoids 1 , 3 , 4 and betulinic acid ( 6 ). One of its most abundant column fractions CC-9-18 (145 mg) which exhibited substantial activity, with 81% mortality at the lowest concentration of 0.125% after 48 h of incubation mainly contained lupeol. It seems lupeol, a wide spread bio-privileged triterpenoid is the nematicidal principle of the plant as its authentic sample showed LC 50 value of 0.061 after 72 h exposure. It is for the first time that nematicidal activity is reported for any part of C. tagal and that of lupeol against H. zeae. Pentacyclic triterpenoids 1 - 8 are biosynthetically related. Of the twenty-four compounds isolated or identified in the present investigation only five constituents 1 , 3 , 6 , 7 and palmitic acid have been isolated previously from C. tagal .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateeq Ahmad
- University of Karachi, Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, PAKISTAN
| | - Shaheen Faizi
- University of Karachi, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, PAKISTAN
| | - Pirzada J A Siddiqui
- Bahria University, National Institute of Maritime Affairs, National Institute of Maritime Affairs, Bahria University, 13 National Stadium Road, 75260, Karachi, PAKISTAN
| | - Shahina Fayyaz
- University of Karachi, National Nematological Research Centre, National Nematological Research Centre (NNRC), University of Karachi, Karachi, PAKISTAN
| | - Kehkashan Khan
- Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Science Campus, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, 75300, Karachi, PAKISTAN
| | - Erum Y Iqbal
- University of Karachi, National Nematological Research Centre, National Nematological Research Centre (NNRC), University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, PAKISTAN
| | - Munawwer Rasheed
- University of Karachi, Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, Center of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, PAKISTAN
| | - Wajeeha Muzafar
- University of Karachi, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, 75270, Karachi, PAKISTAN
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