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Ferroni L, Živčak M. Photosynthesis under Environmental Fluctuations: A Challenge for Plants, a Challenge for Researchers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4146. [PMID: 38140473 PMCID: PMC10747161 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plants to cope successfully with environmental fluctuations is a result of their evolution in subaerial environments, where fluctuations in parameters such as temperature, light, and water availability, are the norm and stable states are the exception [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ferroni
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marek Živčak
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
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Cun Z, Xu XZ, Zhang JY, Shuang SP, Wu HM, An TX, Chen JW. Responses of photosystem to long-term light stress in a typically shade-tolerant species Panax notoginseng. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1095726. [PMID: 36714733 PMCID: PMC9878349 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1095726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic adaptive strategies vary with the growth irradiance. The potential photosynthetic adaptive strategies of shade-tolerant species Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen to long-term high light and low light remains unclear. Photosynthetic performance, photosynthesis-related pigments, leaves anatomical characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities were comparatively determined in P. notoginseng grown under different light regimes. The thickness of the upper epidermis, palisade tissue, and lower epidermis were declined with increasing growth irradiance. Low-light-grown leaves were declined in transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Cond), but intercellular CO2 concentration (C i) and net photosynthesis rate (P n) had opposite trends. The maximum photo-oxidation P 700 + (P m) was greatly reduced in 29.8% full sunlight (FL) plants; The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F v/F m) in 0.2% FL plants was significantly lowest. Electron transport, thermal dissipation, and the effective quantum yield of PSI [Y(I)] and PSII [Y(II)] were declined in low-light-grown plants compared with high-light-grown P. notoginseng. The minimum value of non-regulated energy dissipation of PSII [Y(NO)] was recorded in 0.2% FL P. notoginseng. OJIP kinetic curve showed that relative variable fluorescence at J-phase (V J) and the ratio of variable fluorescent F K occupying the F J-F O amplitude (W k) were significantly increased in 0.2% FL plants. However, the increase in W k was lower than the increase in V J. In conclusion, PSI photoinhibition is the underlying sensitivity of the typically shade-tolerant species P. notoginseng to high light, and the photodamage to PSII acceptor side might cause the typically shade-tolerant plants to be unsuitable for long-term low light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Cun
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang-Zeng Xu
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Research Center for Collection and Utilization of Tropical Crop Resources, Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, Xishuangbanna, China
| | - Jin-Yan Zhang
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Sheng-Pu Shuang
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Hong-Min Wu
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Tong-Xin An
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Wen Chen
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwestern China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Photoinhibition of Photosystem I Induced by Different Intensities of Fluctuating Light Is Determined by the Kinetics of ∆pH Formation Rather Than Linear Electron Flow. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122325. [PMID: 36552532 PMCID: PMC9774317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating light (FL) can cause the selective photoinhibition of photosystem I (PSI) in angiosperms. In nature, leaves usually experience FL conditions with the same low light and different high light intensities, but the effects of different FL conditions on PSI redox state and PSI photoinhibition are not well known. In this study, we found that PSI was highly reduced within the first 10 s after transition from 59 to 1809 μmol photons m-2 s-1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, such transient PSI over-reduction was not observed by transitioning from 59 to 501 or 923 μmol photons m-2 s-1. Consequently, FL (59-1809) induced a significantly stronger PSI photoinhibition than FL (59-501) and FL (59-923). Compared with the proton gradient (∆pH) level after transition to high light for 60 s, tomato leaves almost formed a sufficient ∆pH after light transition for 10 s in FL (59-501) but did not in FL (59-923) or FL (59-1809). The difference in ∆pH between 10 s and 60 s was tightly correlated to the extent of PSI over-reduction and PSI photoinhibition induced by FL. Furthermore, the difference in PSI photoinhibition between (59-923) and FL (59-1809) was accompanied by the same level of linear electron flow. Therefore, PSI photoinhibition induced by different intensities of FL is more related to the kinetics of ∆pH formation rather than linear electron flow.
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Riaz A, Deng F, Chen G, Jiang W, Zheng Q, Riaz B, Mak M, Zeng F, Chen ZH. Molecular Regulation and Evolution of Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Machinery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112085. [PMID: 36358456 PMCID: PMC9686623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent advances in plant biology have significantly improved our understanding of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signaling molecules in the redox regulation of complex cellular processes. In plants, free radicals and non-radicals are prevalent intra- and inter-cellular ROS, catalyzing complex metabolic processes such as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis homeostasis is maintained by thiol-based systems and antioxidative enzymes, which belong to some of the evolutionarily conserved protein families. The molecular and biological functions of redox regulation in photosynthesis are usually to balance the electron transport chain, photosystem II, photosystem I, mesophyll and bundle sheath signaling, and photo-protection regulating plant growth and productivity. Here, we review the recent progress of ROS signaling in photosynthesis. We present a comprehensive comparative bioinformatic analysis of redox regulation in evolutionary distinct photosynthetic cells. Gene expression, phylogenies, sequence alignments, and 3D protein structures in representative algal and plant species revealed conserved key features including functional domains catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions. We then discuss the antioxidant-related ROS signaling and important pathways for achieving homeostasis of photosynthesis. Finally, we highlight the importance of plant responses to stress cues and genetic manipulation of disturbed redox status for balanced and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Riaz
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Bisma Riaz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab 56300, Pakistan
| | - Michelle Mak
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (Z.-H.C.)
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (Z.-H.C.)
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Sun H, Wang XQ, Zeng ZL, Yang YJ, Huang W. Exogenous melatonin strongly affects dynamic photosynthesis and enhances water-water cycle in tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:917784. [PMID: 35991431 PMCID: PMC9381976 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.917784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (MT), an important phytohormone synthesized naturally, was recently used to improve plant resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the effects of exogenous melatonin on photosynthetic performances have not yet been well clarified. We found that spraying of exogenous melatonin (100 μM) to leaves slightly affected the steady state values of CO2 assimilation rate (A N ), stomatal conductance (g s ) and mesophyll conductance (g m ) under high light in tobacco leaves. However, this exogenous melatonin strongly delayed the induction kinetics of g s and g m , leading to the slower induction speed of A N . During photosynthetic induction, A N is mainly limited by biochemistry in the absence of exogenous melatonin, but by CO2 diffusion conductance in the presence of exogenous melatonin. Therefore, exogenous melatonin can aggravate photosynthetic carbon loss during photosynthetic induction and should be used with care for crop plants grown under natural fluctuating light. Within the first 10 min after transition from low to high light, photosynthetic electron transport rates (ETR) for A N and photorespiration were suppressed in the presence of exogenous melatonin. Meanwhile, an important alternative electron sink, namely water-water cycle, was enhanced to dissipate excess light energy. These results indicate that exogenous melatonin upregulates water-water cycle to facilitate photoprotection. Taking together, this study is the first to demonstrate that exogenous melatonin inhibits dynamic photosynthesis and improves photoprotection in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Sun
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Wang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhi-Lan Zeng
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jie Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Reactive Oxygen Species Initiate Defence Responses of Potato Photosystem II to Sap-Sucking Insect Feeding. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13050409. [PMID: 35621745 PMCID: PMC9147889 DOI: 10.3390/insects13050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Potato is one of the most universally cultivated horticultural crops and is vulnerable to a range of herbivorous insects. One of them is the brown marmorated stink bug, an invasive polyphagous sap-sucking agricultural insect pest that penetrates the phloem to sieve elements and removes sap via a specialized mouthpart, the stylet. By using the chlorophyll fluorescence imaging methodology, we examined potato photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry responses in the area of feeding on the whole leaf area. Highly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was observed as rapidly as 3 min after feeding to initiate defence responses and can be considered the primary plant defence response mechanism against herbivores. Our experimental results confirmed that chlorophyll fluorescence imaging methodology can detect spatial heterogeneity of PSII efficiency at the whole leaf surface and is a promising tool for investigating plant response mechanisms of sap-sucking insect herbivores. We suggest that PSII responses to insect feeding underlie ROS-dependent signalling. We conclude that the potato PSII response mechanism to sap-sucking insect herbivores is described by the induction of the defence response to reduce herbivory damage, instead of induction of tolerance, through a compensatory photosynthetic response mechanism that is observed after chewing insect feeding. Abstract Potato, Solanum tuberosum L., one of the most commonly cultivated horticultural crops throughout the world, is susceptible to a variety of herbivory insects. In the present study, we evaluated the consequence of feeding by the sap-sucking insect Halyomorpha halys on potato leaf photosynthetic efficiency. By using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging methodology, we examined photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in terms of feeding and at the whole leaf area. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in potato’s defence response mechanism immediately after feeding was also assessed. Even 3 min after feeding, increased ROS generation was observed to diffuse through the leaf central vein, probably to act as a long-distance signalling molecule. The proportion of absorbed energy being used in photochemistry (ΦPSII) at the whole leaf level, after 20 min of feeding, was reduced by 8% compared to before feeding due to the decreased number of open PSII reaction centres (qp). After 90 min of feeding, ΦPSII decreased by 46% at the whole leaf level. Meanwhile, at the feeding zones, which were located mainly in the proximity of the leaf midrib, ΦPSII was lower than 85%, with a concurrent increase in singlet-excited oxygen (1O2) generation, which is considered to be harmful. However, the photoprotective mechanism (ΦNPQ), which was highly induced 90 min after feeding, was efficient to compensate for the decrease in the quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII). Therefore, the quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO), which represents 1O2 generation, remained unaffected at the whole leaf level. We suggest that the potato PSII response to sap-sucking insect feeding underlies the ROS-dependent signalling that occurs immediately and initiates a photoprotective PSII defence response to reduce herbivory damage. A controlled ROS burst can be considered the primary plant defence response mechanism to herbivores.
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Wang H, Wang XQ, Zeng ZL, Yu H, Huang W. Photosynthesis under fluctuating light in the CAM plant Vanilla planifolia. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 317:111207. [PMID: 35193751 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic induction after a sudden increase in illumination affects carbon gain. Photosynthetic dynamics under fluctuating light (FL) have been widely investigated in C3 and C4 plants but are little known in CAM plants. In our present study, the chlorophyll fluorescence, P700 redox state and electrochromic shift signals were measured to examine photosynthetic characteristics under FL in the CAM orchid Vanilla planifolia. The light use efficiency was maximized in the morning but was restricted in the afternoon, indicating that the pool of malic acid dried down in the afternoon. During photosynthetic induction in the morning, electron flow through photosystem I rapidly reached the 95% of the maximum value in 4-6 min, indicating that V. planifolia showed a fast photosynthetic induction when compared with C3 and C4 plants reported previously. Upon a sudden transition from dark to actinic light, a rapid re-oxidation of P700 was observed in V. planifolia, indicating the fast outflow of electrons from PSI to alternative electron acceptors, which was attributed to the O2 photo-reduction mediated by water-water cycle. The functioning of water-water cycle prevented photosystem I over-reduction after transitioning from low to high light and thus protected PSI under FL. In the afternoon, cyclic electron flow was stimulated under FL to fine-tune photosynthetic apparatus when photosynthetic CO2 was restricted. Therefore, water-water cycle cooperates with cyclic electron flow to regulate the photosynthesis under FL in the CAM orchid V. planifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning 571533, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Wang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Zhi-Lan Zeng
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning 571533, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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Terletskaya NV, Seitimova GA, Kudrina NO, Meduntseva ND, Ashimuly K. The Reactions of Photosynthetic Capacity and Plant Metabolites of Sedum hybridum L. in Response to Mild and Moderate Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11060828. [PMID: 35336710 PMCID: PMC8955115 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, for the first time, an experimental study of the effect of mild and moderate osmotic stress, NaCl content and the effect of low positive temperature on photosynthetic activity and composition of metabolites of immature plants Sedum hybridum L. is reported. In this representative of the genus Sedum adapted to arid conditions and having the properties of a succulent, a change in photosynthetic activity and an increase in the level of protective metabolites in the shoots were revealed when exposed to mild and moderate stress factors. The results of this study can be used in work on the adaptation of succulent plants to arid conditions, environmental monitoring and work on the directed induction of valuable secondary metabolites in succulents to obtain new herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Terletskaya
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.A.S.); (N.D.M.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: (N.V.T.); (N.O.K.); Tel.: +7-(777)-2993-335 (N.V.T.); +7-(705)-1811-440 (N.O.K.)
| | - Gulnaz A. Seitimova
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.A.S.); (N.D.M.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Nataliya O. Kudrina
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.A.S.); (N.D.M.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: (N.V.T.); (N.O.K.); Tel.: +7-(777)-2993-335 (N.V.T.); +7-(705)-1811-440 (N.O.K.)
| | - Nataliya D. Meduntseva
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.A.S.); (N.D.M.); (K.A.)
| | - Kazhybek Ashimuly
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology and Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Avenue 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (G.A.S.); (N.D.M.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi Avenue 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
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Yang YJ, Shi Q, Sun H, Mei RQ, Huang W. Differential Response of the Photosynthetic Machinery to Fluctuating Light in Mature and Young Leaves of Dendrobium officinale. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:829783. [PMID: 35185969 PMCID: PMC8850366 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.829783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A key component of photosynthetic electron transport chain, photosystem I (PSI), is susceptible to the fluctuating light (FL) in angiosperms. Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around PSI and water-water cycle (WWC) are both used by the epiphytic orchid Dendrobium officinale to protect PSI under FL. This study examined whether the ontogenetic stage of leaf has an impact on the photoprotective mechanisms dealing with FL. Thus, chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 signals under FL were measured in D. officinale young and mature leaves. Upon transition from dark to actinic light, a rapid re-oxidation of P700 was observed in mature leaves but disappeared in young leaves, indicating that WWC existed in mature leaves but was lacking in young leaves. After shifting from low to high light, PSI over-reduction was clearly missing in mature leaves. By comparison, young leaves showed a transient PSI over-reduction within the first 30 s, which was accompanied with highly activation of CEF. Therefore, the effect of FL on PSI redox state depends on the leaf ontogenetic stage. In mature leaves, WWC is employed to avoid PSI over-reduction. In young leaves, CEF around PSI is enhanced to compensate for the lack of WWC and thus to prevent an uncontrolled PSI over-reduction induced by FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Shi
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Sun
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ren-Qiang Mei
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Bio-Innovation Center of DR PLANT, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Zeng ZL, Sun H, Wang XQ, Zhang SB, Huang W. Regulation of Leaf Angle Protects Photosystem I under Fluctuating Light in Tobacco Young Leaves. Cells 2022; 11:252. [PMID: 35053368 PMCID: PMC8773500 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating light is a typical light condition in nature and can cause selective photodamage to photosystem I (PSI). The sensitivity of PSI to fluctuating light is influenced by the amplitude of low/high light intensity. Tobacco mature leaves are tended to be horizontal to maximize the light absorption and photosynthesis, but young leaves are usually vertical to diminish the light absorption. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that such regulation of the leaf angle in young leaves might protect PSI against photoinhibition under fluctuating light. We found that, upon a sudden increase in illumination, PSI was over-reduced in extreme young leaves but was oxidized in mature leaves. After fluctuating light treatment, such PSI over-reduction aggravated PSI photoinhibition in young leaves. Furthermore, the leaf angle was tightly correlated to the extent of PSI photoinhibition induced by fluctuating light. Therefore, vertical young leaves are more susceptible to PSI photoinhibition than horizontal mature leaves when exposed to the same fluctuating light. In young leaves, the vertical leaf angle decreased the light absorption and thus lowered the amplitude of low/high light intensity. Therefore, the regulation of the leaf angle was found for the first time as an important strategy used by young leaves to protect PSI against photoinhibition under fluctuating light. To our knowledge, we show here new insight into the photoprotection for PSI under fluctuating light in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lan Zeng
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (Z.-L.Z.); (H.S.); (X.-Q.W.); (S.-B.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu Sun
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (Z.-L.Z.); (H.S.); (X.-Q.W.); (S.-B.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Wang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (Z.-L.Z.); (H.S.); (X.-Q.W.); (S.-B.Z.)
| | - Shi-Bao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (Z.-L.Z.); (H.S.); (X.-Q.W.); (S.-B.Z.)
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (Z.-L.Z.); (H.S.); (X.-Q.W.); (S.-B.Z.)
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Shi Q, Sun H, Timm S, Zhang S, Huang W. Photorespiration Alleviates Photoinhibition of Photosystem I under Fluctuating Light in Tomato. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11020195. [PMID: 35050082 PMCID: PMC8780929 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuating light (FL) is a typical natural light stress that can cause photodamage to photosystem I (PSI). However, the effect of growth light on FL-induced PSI photoinhibition remains controversial. Plants grown under high light enhance photorespiration to sustain photosynthesis, but the contribution of photorespiration to PSI photoprotection under FL is largely unknown. In this study, we examined the photosynthetic performance under FL in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants grown under high light (HL-plants) and moderate light (ML-plants). After an abrupt increase in illumination, the over-reduction of PSI was lowered in HL-plants, resulting in a lower FL-induced PSI photoinhibition. HL-plants displayed higher capacities for CO2 fixation and photorespiration than ML-plants. Within the first 60 s after transition from low to high light, PSII electron transport was much higher in HL-plants, but the gross CO2 assimilation rate showed no significant difference between them. Therefore, upon a sudden increase in illumination, the difference in PSII electron transport between HL- and ML-plants was not attributed to the Calvin–Benson cycle but was caused by the change in photorespiration. These results indicated that the higher photorespiration in HL-plants enhanced the PSI electron sink downstream under FL, which mitigated the over-reduction of PSI and thus alleviated PSI photoinhibition under FL. Taking together, we here for the first time propose that photorespiration acts as a safety valve for PSI photoprotection under FL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.S.); (H.S.); (S.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hu Sun
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.S.); (H.S.); (S.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Stefan Timm
- Plant Physiology Department, University of Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Shibao Zhang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.S.); (H.S.); (S.Z.)
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (Q.S.); (H.S.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Lei YB, Xia HX, Chen K, Plenković-Moraj A, Huang W, Sun G. Photosynthetic regulation in response to fluctuating light conditions under temperature stress in three mosses with different light requirements. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 311:111020. [PMID: 34482921 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Under natural field conditions, mosses experience fluctuating light intensities combined with temperature stress. Alternative electron flow mediated by flavodiiron proteins (FLVs) and cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) allow mosses to growth under fluctuating light conditions. However, little is known about the roles of FLVs and CEF in the regulation of photosynthesis under temperature stress combined with fluctuating light. Here, we measured chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 redox state under fluctuating light conditions at 4 °C, 20 °C, and 35 °C in three mosses with different light requirements. Upon a sudden increase in light intensity, electron flow from photosystem II initially increased and then gradually decreased at 20 °C and 35 °C, indicating that the operation of FLV-dependent flow lasted much longer than previously thought. Furthermore, the absolute rates of FLV-dependent flow and CEF were enhanced under fluctuating light at 35 °C, pointing to their important roles in photoprotection when exposed to fluctuating light at moderate high temperature. Furthermore, the downregulation of FLV activity at 4 °C was partially compensated for by enhanced CEF activity. These results suggested the subtle coordination between FLV activity and CEF under fluctuating light and temperature stress. Racomitrium japonicum and Hypnum plumaeforme, which usually grow under relatively high light levels, exhibited higher FLV activity and CEF than the shade-grown moss Plagiomnium ellipticum. Based on our results, we conclude that photosynthetic acclimation to fluctuating light and temperature stress in different mosses is largely linked to the adjustment of FLV activity and CEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bao Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & China-Croatia "Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong-Xia Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & China-Croatia "Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Anđelka Plenković-Moraj
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Geng Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & China-Croatia "Belt and Road" Joint Laboratory on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Leaf Age-Dependent Photosystem II Photochemistry and Oxidative Stress Responses to Drought Stress in Arabidopsis thaliana Are Modulated by Flavonoid Accumulation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144157. [PMID: 34299433 PMCID: PMC8307756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated flavonoid accumulation and lipid peroxidation in young leaves (YL) and mature leaves (ML) of Arabidopsis thaliana plants, whose watering stopped 24 h before sampling, characterized as onset of drought stress (OnDS), six days before sampling, characterized as mild drought stress (MiDS), and ten days before sampling, characterized as moderate drought stress (MoDS). The response to drought stress (DS) of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry, in both leaf types, was evaluated by estimating the allocation of absorbed light to photochemistry (ΦPSII), to heat dissipation by regulated non-photochemical energy loss (ΦNPQ) and to non-regulated energy dissipated in PSII (ΦNO). Young leaves were better protected at MoDS than ML leaves, by having higher concentration of flavonoids that promote acclimation of YL PSII photochemistry to MoDS, showing lower lipid peroxidation and excitation pressure (1 - qp). Young leaves at MoDS possessed lower 1 - qp values and lower excess excitation energy (EXC), not only compared to MoDS ML, but even to MiDS YL. They also possessed a higher capacity to maintain low ΦNO, suggesting a lower singlet oxygen (1O2) generation. Our results highlight that leaves of different developmental stage may display different responses to DS, due to differential accumulation of metabolites, and imply that PSII photochemistry in Arabidopsis thaliana may not show a dose dependent DS response.
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Changes in Light Energy Utilization in Photosystem II and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation in Potato Leaves by the Pinworm Tuta absoluta. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102984. [PMID: 34069787 PMCID: PMC8157303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated photosystem II (PSII) functionality in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) before and after a 15 min feeding by the leaf miner Tuta absoluta using chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging analysis combined with reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection. Fifteen minutes after feeding, we observed at the feeding zone and at the whole leaf a decrease in the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry (ΦPSII). While at the feeding zone the quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical energy loss in PSII (ΦNPQ) did not change, at the whole leaf level there was a significant increase. As a result, at the feeding zone a significant increase in the quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO) occurred, but there was no change at the whole leaf level compared to that before feeding, indicating no change in singlet oxygen (1O2) formation. The decreased ΦPSII after feeding was due to a decreased fraction of open reaction centers (qp), since the efficiency of open PSII reaction centers to utilize the light energy (Fv′/Fm′) did not differ before and after feeding. The decreased fraction of open reaction centers resulted in increased excess excitation energy (EXC) at the feeding zone and at the whole leaf level, while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production was detected only at the feeding zone. Although the whole leaf PSII efficiency decreased compared to that before feeding, the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm), and the efficiency of the water-splitting complex on the donor side of PSII (Fv/Fo), did not differ to that before feeding, thus they cannot be considered as sensitive parameters to monitor biotic stress effects. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis proved to be a good indicator to monitor even short-term impacts of insect herbivory on photosynthetic function, and among the studied parameters, the reduction status of the plastoquinone pool (qp) was the most sensitive and suitable indicator to probe photosynthetic function under biotic stress.
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