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Madariaga D, Arro D, Irarrázaval C, Soto A, Guerra F, Romero A, Ovalle F, Fedrigolli E, DesRosiers T, Serbe-Kamp É, Marzullo T. A library of electrophysiological responses in plants - a model of transversal education and open science. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2310977. [PMID: 38493508 PMCID: PMC10950275 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2310977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Electrophysiology in plants is understudied, and, moreover, an ideal model for student inclusion at all levels of education. Here, we report on an investigation in open science, whereby scientists worked with high school students, faculty, and undergraduates from Chile, Germany, Serbia, South Korea, and the USA. The students recorded the electrophysiological signals of >15 plant species in response to a flame or tactile stimulus applied to the leaves. We observed that approximately 60% of the plants studied showed an electrophysiological response, with a delay of ~ 3-6 s after stimulus presentation. In preliminary conduction velocity experiments, we verified that observed signals are indeed biological in origin, with information transmission speeds of ~ 2-9 mm/s. Such easily replicable experiments can serve to include more investigators and students in contributing to our understanding of plant electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Madariaga
- Colegio (High School) Alberto Blest Gana, San Ramón, Santiago, Chile
| | - Derek Arro
- Colegio (High School) Alberto Blest Gana, San Ramón, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Soto
- Colegio (High School) Alberto Blest Gana, San Ramón, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Guerra
- Colegio (High School) Alberto Blest Gana, San Ramón, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Romero
- Colegio (High School) Alberto Blest Gana, San Ramón, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabián Ovalle
- Colegio (High School) Alberto Blest Gana, San Ramón, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elsa Fedrigolli
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Thomas DesRosiers
- College of Literature, Science, and Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Étienne Serbe-Kamp
- Hirnkastl, Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Research and Development, Backyard Brains, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy Marzullo
- Research and Development, Backyard Brains, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Research and Development, Backyard Brains, Seoul, South Korea
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Qamar F, Sana A, Naveed S, Faizi S. Phytochemical characterization, antioxidant activity and antihypertensive evaluation of Ocimum basilicum L. in l-NAME induced hypertensive rats and its correlation analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14644. [PMID: 37064472 PMCID: PMC10102242 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocimum basilicum Linn. (basil) is an aromatic culinary herb that has shown a great potential in therapeutic world. It has many promising pharmacological activities that make it centre for investigations for many researchers. Current study has been planned to determine chemical constituents of basil leaves extracts and their in-vitro and ex-vivo antioxidant and in-vivo antihypertensive potential. GC-MS studies of non-polar extracts showed presence of 75 compounds including monoterpenes, hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, phyto-sterols and phthalates. Higher percentages of fatty acids were also identified. The major compounds include linalool (7.65%), terpineol (1.42%), tau-cadinol (13.55%), methyl palmitate (14.24%), palmitic acid (14.31%), linolenic acid (1.30%) and methyl linolenate (17.72%). Electron spray ionization mass spectrometry ESI-HRMS/MS of the polar extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolic acid, amino acid, coumarin, lignin, flavanoid and terpene derivative. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were determined using spectrophotometric technique and calculated as gallic acid equivalents GAE/g dry weight and rutin equivalent RE/g of dry weight respectively. The highest phenolic content and flavonoid content were found in ethyl acetate extract 9.40 mg GAE/g and 15.9 mg RE/g of dry weight. All the extracts showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS cation decolorization assays. Dichloromethane extract possess the highest DPPH scavenging activity, i.e., 64.12% ± 0.23 at concentration of 4 mg/ml. Moreover in ex-vivo studies all the extracts showed prominent effect by inhibiting AAPS induce oxidation in Human erythrocytes being 69.24% ± 0.18 in dichloromethane extract, 64.44% ± 0.04 in ethyl acetate and 53.33% ± 0.09 in acetone extract. The methanol extract of O. basilicum exhibited significant decrease in systolic blood pressure in l-Name induced hypertensive rats at the dose of 50 mg/kg for 28 days. Total phenolic content had a higher linear correlation (r = 0.678) with antihypertensive activity, with a level of significance 95% showing that phenolic compounds in the leaves of the plant has important role in inhibiting l -NAME induced hypertension while flavonoid compounds may play a key role in the antioxidant activities of the plant, through synergism. Conclusively, O. basilicum leaves with bioactive metabolites are a potential source for the development of antihypertensive drugs.
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Konstantis N, Koskorellos K, Balou A, Paravolidaki A, Garantziotis G, Koulopoulou CE, Koulopoulos A, Zervoudakis G. The Effect of Leaf Wounding on Basil Plants of Different Developmental Stages. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2678. [PMID: 36297702 PMCID: PMC9609357 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leaf wounding is a common stress that triggers a great number of plant mechanisms, while the overall plant status and age could also be critical for these mechanisms. However, there are not sufficient data about plants' physiological responses after leaf wounding that has been imposed at different developmental stages. In this study, physiological parameters, such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance, as well as the chlorophyll and anthocyanin leaf contents, of Ocimum basilicum var. minimum L. plants were measured for seven days on wounded plants during three different developmental stages (vegetative, budding, and flowering). All of the measurements were conducted on control and wounded plants, while on the latter they were conducted on both wounded and intact leaves. The physiological parameters mentioned above revealed a remarkable decrease in wounded leaves of the budding and flowering plants, while they seemed to be only partially affected on the leaves of vegetative plants. The physiological parameters' decrease was not only an immediate plant response that was observed 1-2 h after wounding, but, in general, it was constant (during the seven days of treatments) and diurnal (from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.). The wounded leaves revealed an immediate and constant anthocyanin content decrease during all of the developmental stages, while the corresponding chlorophyll decrease was mainly evident in the flowering plants. Regarding the intact leaves, they exhibited, in general, a similar profile to that of the control ones. The results above reveal that at the vegetative stage, basil plants are more tolerant to leaf wounding than those at the budding and flowering stages, implying that the plant's response to wounding is a phenomenon that depends on the plant's developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Areti Balou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Patras, 27200 Amaliada, Greece
| | - Athina Paravolidaki
- Department of Business Administration of Food & Agricultural Enterprises, University of Patras, Seferi Str. 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | | | | | - Athanasios Koulopoulos
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Patras, 30200 Mesolongi, Greece
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Kang JN, Lee WH, Won SY, Chang S, Hong JP, Oh TJ, Lee SM, Kang SH. Systemic Expression of Genes Involved in the Plant Defense Response Induced by Wounding in Senna tora. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810073. [PMID: 34576236 PMCID: PMC8469979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wounds in tissues provide a pathway of entry for pathogenic fungi and bacteria in plants. Plants respond to wounding by regulating the expression of genes involved in their defense mechanisms. To analyze this response, we investigated the defense-related genes induced by wounding in the leaves of Senna tora using RNA sequencing. The genes involved in jasmonate and ethylene biosynthesis were strongly induced by wounding, as were a large number of genes encoding transcription factors such as ERFs, WRKYs, MYBs, bHLHs, and NACs. Wounding induced the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, such as PR-1, chitinase, thaumatin-like protein, cysteine proteinase inhibitor, PR-10, and plant defensin. Furthermore, wounding led to the induction of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and the accumulation of kaempferol and quercetin in S. tora leaves. All these genes were expressed systemically in leaves distant from the wound site. These results demonstrate that mechanical wounding can lead to a systemic defense response in the Caesalpinioideae, a subfamily of the Leguminosae. In addition, a co-expression analysis of genes induced by wounding provides important information about the interactions between genes involved in plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Nam Kang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Woo-Haeng Lee
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (W.-H.L.); (T.-J.O.)
| | - So Youn Won
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Saemin Chang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Jong-Pil Hong
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea; (W.-H.L.); (T.-J.O.)
| | - Si Myung Lee
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.L.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Sang-Ho Kang
- Genomics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea; (J.-N.K.); (S.Y.W.); (S.C.); (J.-P.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.L.); (S.-H.K.)
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