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Argueso CT, Kieber JJ. Cytokinin: From autoclaved DNA to two-component signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1429-1450. [PMID: 38163638 PMCID: PMC11062471 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Since its first identification in the 1950s as a regulator of cell division, cytokinin has been linked to many physiological processes in plants, spanning growth and development and various responses to the environment. Studies from the last two and one-half decades have revealed the pathways underlying the biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinin and have elucidated the mechanisms of its perception and signaling, which reflects an ancient signaling system evolved from two-component elements in bacteria. Mutants in the genes encoding elements involved in these processes have helped refine our understanding of cytokinin functions in plants. Further, recent advances have provided insight into the mechanisms of intracellular and long-distance cytokinin transport and the identification of several proteins that operate downstream of cytokinin signaling. Here, we review these processes through a historical lens, providing an overview of cytokinin metabolism, transport, signaling, and functions in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Zhang F, Liu Y, Ma J, Su S, Chen L, Cheng Y, Buter S, Zhao X, Yi L, Lu Z. Analyzing the Diversity of MYB Family Response Strategies to Drought Stress in Different Flax Varieties Based on Transcriptome Data. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:710. [PMID: 38475556 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The MYB transcription factor family has numerous members, and is involved in biological activities, such as ABA signaling, which plays an important role in a plant's resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought. However, the diversity of MYB members that respond to drought stress and their regulatory mechanisms in different flax varieties were unclear. In this study, we obtained 855.69 Gb of clean data from 120 flax root samples from 20 flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties, assembled 92,861 transcripts, and identified 434 MYB family members in each variety. The expression profiles of the MYB transcription factor family from 20 flax varieties under drought stress were analyzed. The results indicated that there are four strategies by which the MYB family responds to drought stress in these 20 flax varieties, each of which has its own specific processes, such as development, reproduction, and localization processes. The four strategies also include common biological processes, such as stimulus responses, metabolic processes, and biological regulation. The WGCNA method was subsequently employed to identify key members of the MYB family involved in response strategies to drought stress. The results demonstrated that a 1R-MYB subfamily gene co-expression network is significantly related to the gibberellin response and cytokinin-activated signaling pathway processes in the 'Strategy 4' for MYB family response to drought, identifying core genes such as Lus.scaffold70.240. Our results showed a diversity of MYB family responses to drought stress within flax varieties, and these results contribute to deciphering the mechanisms of the MYB family regulation of drought resistance. This will promote the more accurate breeding development of flax to adapt to agricultural production under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Remediation and Pollution Control, Inner Mongolia Conservation Tillage Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Remediation and Pollution Control, Inner Mongolia Conservation Tillage Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Jie Ma
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Remediation and Pollution Control, Inner Mongolia Conservation Tillage Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Shaofeng Su
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Remediation and Pollution Control, Inner Mongolia Conservation Tillage Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Remediation and Pollution Control, Inner Mongolia Conservation Tillage Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Yuchen Cheng
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Remediation and Pollution Control, Inner Mongolia Conservation Tillage Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Siqin Buter
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Remediation and Pollution Control, Inner Mongolia Conservation Tillage Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Remediation and Pollution Control, Inner Mongolia Conservation Tillage Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Liuxi Yi
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Agricultural College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Zhanyuan Lu
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
- Key Laboratory of Black Soil Protection and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Degradation Farmland Ecological Remediation and Pollution Control, Inner Mongolia Conservation Tillage Engineering Technology Research Center, Hohhot 010031, China
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Swinka C, Hellmann E, Zwack P, Banda R, Rashotte AM, Heyl A. Cytokinin Response Factor 9 Represses Cytokinin Responses in Flower Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4380. [PMID: 36901811 PMCID: PMC10002603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A multi-step phosphorelay system is the main conduit of cytokinin signal transduction. However, several groups of additional factors that also play a role in this signaling pathway have been found-among them the Cytokinin Response Factors (CRFs). In a genetic screen, CRF9 was identified as a regulator of the transcriptional cytokinin response. It is mainly expressed in flowers. Mutational analysis indicates that CRF9 plays a role in the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth and silique development. The CRF9 protein is localized in the nucleus and functions as a transcriptional repressor of Arabidopsis Response Regulator 6 (ARR6)-a primary response gene for cytokinin signaling. The experimental data suggest that CRF9 functions as a repressor of cytokinin during reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Swinka
- Institut für Angewandte Genetik, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht Thaer Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Hellmann
- Institut für Angewandte Genetik, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht Thaer Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Zwack
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ramya Banda
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, 1 South Ave, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
| | - Aaron M. Rashotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 101 Rouse Life Sciences, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Alexander Heyl
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, 1 South Ave, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
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Liu W, Zhao C, Liu L, Huang D, Ma C, Li R, Huang L. Genome-wide identification of the TGA gene family in kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis spp.) and revealing its roles in response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:101-113. [PMID: 36150565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Kiwifruit bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), is a destructive disease of kiwifruit worldwide. Functional genes in response to Psa infection are needed, as they could be utilized to control disease. TGACG-binding transcription factor (TGA), as an essential regulator, involved in the process of plant against pathogens. However, the function of TGA regulators has not been reported in kiwifruit. It is unclear that whether TGA genes play a role in response to Psa infection. Here, we performed genome-wide screening and identified 13 TGA genes in kiwifruit. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 13 members of the AcTGA gene family could be divided into five groups. AcTGA proteins were mainly located in the nucleus, and significant differences were identified in their 3D structures. Segmental duplications promoted the expansion of the AcTGA family. Additionally, RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR revealed that four genes (AcTGA01/06/07/09) were tissue-specific and responsive to hormones at different levels. Subcellular localization showed that four proteins located in the nucleus, and among them, three (AcTGA01/06/07) had transcriptional activation activity. Lastly, transient overexpression proved that these three genes (AcTGA01/06/07) potentially played a role in the resistance to kiwifruit canker. These results provided a theoretical basis for revealing TGA involved in kiwifruit regulation against Psa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Dong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Leite Montalvão AP, Kersten B, Kim G, Fladung M, Müller NA. ARR17 controls dioecy in Populus by repressing B-class MADS-box gene expression. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210217. [PMID: 35306887 PMCID: PMC8935312 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of dioecious species for which the genetic basis of sex determination has been resolved is rapidly increasing. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms downstream of the sex determinants remain largely elusive. Here, by RNA-sequencing early-flowering isogenic aspen (Populus tremula) lines differing exclusively for the sex switch gene ARR17, we show that a narrowly defined genetic network controls differential development of female and male flowers. Although ARR17 encodes a type-A response regulator supposedly involved in cytokinin (CK) hormone signalling, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9-mediated arr17 knockout only affected the expression of a strikingly small number of genes, indicating a specific role in the regulation of floral development rather than a generic function in hormone signalling. Notably, the UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO) gene, encoding an F-box protein acting as a transcriptional cofactor with LEAFY (LFY) to activate B-class MADS-box gene expression, and the B-class gene PISTILLATA (PI), necessary for male floral organ development, were strongly de-repressed in the arr17 CRISPR mutants. Our data highlight a CK-independent role of the poplar response regulator ARR17 and further emphasize the minimal differences between female and male individuals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Leite Montalvão
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Birgit Kersten
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Gihwan Kim
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Fladung
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Niels A Müller
- Thünen Institute of Forest Genetics, Sieker Landstrasse 2, 22927 Grosshansdorf, Germany
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