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Benelli C, Tarraf W, İzgü T, Anichini M, Faraloni C, Salvatici MC, Jouini N, Germanà MA, Danti R, Lambardi M. Long-Term Conservation for the Safeguard of Abies nebrodensis: An Endemic and Endangered Species of Sicily. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1682. [PMID: 38931114 PMCID: PMC11207786 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The combined approaches between ex situ and in situ conservation are of great importance for threatened species in urgent need of protection. This study aims to develop concrete actions to preserve the relic of 30 adult trees of the Sicilian fir (Abies nebrodensis) from extinction using long-term germplasm conservation in liquid nitrogen (LN, -196 °C). Pollen grains were collected, and their moisture content (MC) was measured. Then, viability (2,3,5-tryphenyl tetrazolium chloride, TTC), in vitro germinability, and enzymatic antioxidant activity (ascorbate peroxidase, APX; catalase, CAT) were evaluated before and after cryopreservation. Seeds collected from mature cones underwent X-ray analysis, and only full seeds were used to excise the zygotic embryos (ZEs) for cryopreservation. The MC percentage of ZEs was determined, and then they were plunged in LN with (+PVS2) or without (-PVS2) Plant Vitrification Solution 2; untreated ZEs were used as a control. Viability (TTC test) and in vitro germination were assessed for all ZEs (+PVS2, -PVS2, and control). Embryogenic callus (EC) lines obtained from mature ZEs were cryopreserved applying the 'encapsulation-dehydration' technique. This study has allowed, after optimizing cryopreservation protocols for pollen, ZEs, and EC of A. nebrodensis, to establish the first cryobank of this endangered species in Polizzi Generosa (Palermo, Italy), inside the 'Madonie Regional Park'. The strategy developed for Sicilian fir conservation will pave the way for similar initiatives for other critically endangered conifer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Benelli
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (T.İ.); (M.A.); (C.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Waed Tarraf
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (T.İ.); (M.A.); (C.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Tolga İzgü
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (T.İ.); (M.A.); (C.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Monica Anichini
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (T.İ.); (M.A.); (C.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Cecilia Faraloni
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (T.İ.); (M.A.); (C.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Maria Cristina Salvatici
- Institute of Chemistry of Organometallic Compounds (ICCOM)-Electron Microscopy Centre (Ce.M.E.), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
| | - Nourhene Jouini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (N.J.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Germanà
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (N.J.); (M.A.G.)
| | - Roberto Danti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Lambardi
- Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; (C.B.); (T.İ.); (M.A.); (C.F.); (M.L.)
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Kihika JK, Pearman JK, Wood SA, Rhodes LL, Smith KF, Miller MR, Butler J, Ryan KG. Fatty acid production and associated gene pathways are altered by increased salinity and dimethyl sulfoxide treatments during cryopreservation of Symbiodinium pilosum (Symbiodiniaceae). Cryobiology 2024; 114:104855. [PMID: 38301952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The Symbiodinium genus is ancestral among other Symbiodiniaceae lineages with species that are both symbiotic and free living. Changes in marine ecosystems threaten their existence and crucial ecological roles. Cryopreservation offers an avenue for their long-term storage for future habitat restoration after coral bleaching. In our previous study we demonstrated that high salinity treatments of Symbiodiniaceae isolates led to changes in their fatty acid (FA) profiles and higher cell viabilities after cryopreservation. In this study, we investigated the role of increased salinity on FA production and the genes involved in FA biosynthesis and degradation pathways during the cryopreservation of Symbiodinium pilosum. Overall, there was a twofold increase in mass of FAs produced by S. pilosum after being cultured in medium with increased salinity (54 parts per thousand; ppt). Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) led to a ninefold increase of FAs in standard salinity (SS) treatment, compared to a fivefold increase in increased salinity (IS) treatments. The mass of the FA classes returned to baseline during recovery. Transcriptomic analyses showed an acyl carrier protein gene was significantly upregulated after Me2SO treatment in the SS cultures. Cytochrome P450 reductase genes were significantly down regulated after Me2SO addition in SS treatment preventing FA degradation. These changes in the expression of FA biosynthesis and degradation genes contributed to more FAs in SS treated isolates. Understanding how increased salinity changes FA production and the roles of specific genes in regulating FA pathways will help improve current freezing protocols for Symbiodiniaceae and other marine microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Kihika
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
| | - John K Pearman
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Lesley L Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Juliette Butler
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Ken G Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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Kihika JK, Wood SA, Rhodes L, Smith KF, Miller MR, Pochon X, Thompson L, Butler J, Schattschneider J, Oakley C, Ryan KG. Cryopreservation of six Symbiodiniaceae genera and assessment of fatty acid profiles in response to increased salinity treatments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12408. [PMID: 35859115 PMCID: PMC9300622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16735-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae are a diverse group of dinoflagellates, the majority of which are free-living and/or associated with a variety of protists and other invertebrate hosts. Maintenance of isolated cultures is labour-intensive and expensive, and cryopreservation provides an excellent avenue for their long-term storage. We aimed to cryopreserve 15 cultured isolates from six Symbiodiniaceae genera using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the cryoprotectant agent (CPA). Under 15% DMSO, 10 isolates were successfully cryopreserved using either rapid freezing or controlled-rate freezing. Cultures that failed or had low survival, were subjected to (1) a reduction of CPA to 10%, or (2) increased salinity treatment before freezing. At 10% DMSO, three further isolates were successfully cryopreserved. At 15% DMSO there were high cell viabilities in Symbiodinium pilosum treated with 44 parts per thousand (ppt) and 54 ppt culture medium. An isolate of Fugacium sp. successfully cryopreserved after salinity treatments of 54 ppt and 64 ppt. Fatty acid (FA) analyses of S. pilosum after 54 ppt salinity treatment showed increased saturated FA levels, whereas Fugacium sp. had low poly-unsaturated FAs compared to normal salinity (34 ppt). Understanding the effects of salinity and roles of FAs in cryopreservation will help in developing protocols for these ecologically important taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kanyi Kihika
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Lesley Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Xavier Pochon
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand.,Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 349, Warkworth, 0941, New Zealand
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Juliette Butler
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Clint Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Ken G Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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Cryoprotectant treatment tests on three morphologically diverse marine dinoflagellates and the cryopreservation of Breviolum sp. (Symbiodiniaceae). Sci Rep 2022; 12:646. [PMID: 35027556 PMCID: PMC8758677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are among the most diverse group of microalgae. Many dinoflagellate species have been isolated and cultured, and these are used for scientific, industrial, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications. Maintaining cultures is time-consuming, expensive, and there is a risk of contamination or genetic drift. Cryopreservation offers an efficient means for their long-term preservation. Cryopreservation of larger dinoflagellate species is challenging and to date there has been only limited success. In this study, we explored the effect of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) and freezing methods on three species: Vulcanodinium rugosum, Alexandrium pacificum and Breviolum sp. A total of 12 CPAs were assessed at concentrations between 5 and 15%, as well as in combination with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and other non-penetrating CPAs. Two freezing techniques were employed: rapid freezing and controlled-rate freezing. Breviolum sp. was successfully cryopreserved using 15% DMSO. Despite exploring different CPAs and optimizing the freezing techniques, we were unable to successfully cryopreserve V. rugosum and A. pacificum. For Breviolum sp. there was higher cell viability (45.4 ± 2.2%) when using the controlled-rate freezing compared to the rapid freezing technique (10.0 ± 2.8%). This optimized cryopreservation protocol will be of benefit for the cryopreservation of other species from the family Symbiodiniaceae.
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Benelli C. Plant Cryopreservation: A Look at the Present and the Future. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2744. [PMID: 34961214 PMCID: PMC8707037 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is known as an applied aspect of cryobiology or the study of life at low temperatures [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Benelli
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council (CNR/IBE), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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