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Puzanskiy RK, Romanyuk DA, Kirpichnikova AA, Yemelyanov VV, Shishova MF. Plant Heterotrophic Cultures: No Food, No Growth. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:277. [PMID: 38256830 PMCID: PMC10821431 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells are capable of uptaking exogenous organic substances. This inherited trait allows the development of heterotrophic cell cultures in various plants. The most common of them are Nicotiana tabacum and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant cells are widely used in academic studies and as factories for valuable substance production. The repertoire of compounds supporting the heterotrophic growth of plant cells is limited. The best growth of cultures is ensured by oligosaccharides and their cleavage products. Primarily, these are sucrose, raffinose, glucose and fructose. Other molecules such as glycerol, carbonic acids, starch, and mannitol have the ability to support growth occasionally, or in combination with another substrate. Culture growth is accompanied by processes of specialization, such as elongation growth. This determines the pattern of the carbon budget. Culture ageing is closely linked to substrate depletion, changes in medium composition, and cell physiological rearrangements. A lack of substrate leads to starvation, which results in a decrease in physiological activity and the mobilization of resources, and finally in the loss of viability. The cause of the instability of cultivated cells may be the non-optimal metabolism under cultural conditions or the insufficiency of internal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman K. Puzanskiy
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Daria A. Romanyuk
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Vladislav V. Yemelyanov
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.A.K.); (V.V.Y.)
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Yurkov AP, Afonin AM, Kryukov AA, Gorbunova AO, Kudryashova TR, Kovalchuk AI, Gorenkova AI, Bogdanova EM, Kosulnikov YV, Laktionov YV, Kozhemyakov AP, Romanyuk DA, Zhukov VA, Puzanskiy RK, Mikhailova YV, Yemelyanov VV, Shishova MF. The Effects of Rhizophagus irregularis Inoculation on Transcriptome of Medicago lupulina Leaves at Early Vegetative and Flowering Stages of Plant Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3580. [PMID: 37896043 PMCID: PMC10610208 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The study is aimed at revealing the effects of Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation on the transcriptome of Medicago lupulina leaves at the early (second leaf formation) and later (flowering) stages of plant development. A pot experiment was conducted under conditions of low phosphorus (P) level in the substrate. M. lupulina plants were characterized by high mycorrhizal growth response and mycorrhization parameters. Library sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiseqXTen platform. Significant changes in the expression of 4863 (padj < 0.01) genes from 34049 functionally annotated genes were shown by Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends (MACE-Seq). GO enrichment analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed, and 244 functional GO groups were identified, including genes contributing to the development of effective AM symbiosis. The Mercator online tool was used to assign functional classes of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The early stage was characterized by the presence of six functional classes that included only upregulated GO groups, such as genes of carbohydrate metabolism, cellular respiration, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, and solute transport. At the later stage (flowering), the number of stimulated GO groups was reduced to photosynthesis and protein biosynthesis. All DEGs of the GO:0016036 group were downregulated because AM plants had higher resistance to phosphate starvation. For the first time, the upregulation of genes encoding thioredoxin in AM plant leaves was shown. It was supposed to reduce ROS level and thus, consequently, enhance the mechanisms of antioxidant protection in M. lupulina plants under conditions of low phosphorus level. Taken together, the obtained results indicate genes that are the most important for the effective symbiosis with M. lupulina and might be engaged in other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey P. Yurkov
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Alexey M. Afonin
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Alexey A. Kryukov
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Anastasia O. Gorbunova
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Tatyana R. Kudryashova
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Anastasia I. Kovalchuk
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Anastasia I. Gorenkova
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (R.K.P.); (V.V.Y.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Ekaterina M. Bogdanova
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (R.K.P.); (V.V.Y.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Yuri V. Kosulnikov
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Yuri V. Laktionov
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Andrey P. Kozhemyakov
- Laboratory of Ecology of Symbiotic and Associative Rhizobacteria, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.K.); (A.O.G.); (T.R.K.); (A.I.K.); (A.I.G.); (E.M.B.); (Y.V.K.); (Y.V.L.); (A.P.K.)
| | - Daria A. Romanyuk
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (D.A.R.); (V.A.Z.)
| | - Vladimir A. Zhukov
- Laboratory of Genetics of Plant-Microbe Interactions, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia; (D.A.R.); (V.A.Z.)
| | - Roman K. Puzanskiy
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (R.K.P.); (V.V.Y.); (M.F.S.)
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Mikhailova
- Laboratory of Biosystematics and Cytology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia;
| | - Vladislav V. Yemelyanov
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (R.K.P.); (V.V.Y.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Maria F. Shishova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; (R.K.P.); (V.V.Y.); (M.F.S.)
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Kryukov AA, Gorbunova AO, Kudriashova TR, Ivanchenko OB, Shishova MF, Yurkov AP. SWEET transporters of Medicago lupulina in the arbuscular-mycorrhizal system in the presence of medium level of available phosphorus. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2023; 27:189-196. [PMID: 37293443 PMCID: PMC10244586 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-23-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi receive photosynthetic products and sugars from plants in exchange for contributing to the uptake of minerals, especially phosphorus, from the soil. The identification of genes controlling AM symbiotic efficiency may have practical application in the creation of highly productive plant-microbe systems. The aim of our work was to evaluate the expression levels of SWEET sugar transporter genes, the only family in which sugar transporters specific to AM symbiosis can be detected. We have selected a unique "host plant-AM fungus" model system with high response to mycorrhization under medium phosphorus level. This includes a plant line which is highly responsive to inoculation by AM fungi, an ecologically obligate mycotrophic line MlS-1 from black medick (Medicago lupulina) and the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis strain RCAM00320, which has a high efficiency in a number of plant species. Using the selected model system, differences in the expression levels of 11 genes encoding SWEET transporters in the roots of the host plant were evaluated during the development of or in the absence of symbiosis of M. lupulina with R. irregularis at various stages of the host plant development in the presence of medium level of phosphorus available for plant nutrition in the substrate. At most stages of host plant development, mycorrhizal plants had higher expression levels of MlSWEET1b, MlSWEET3c, MlSWEET12 and MlSWEET13 compared to AM-less controls. Also, increased expression relative to control during mycorrhization was observed for MlSWEET11 at 2nd and 3rd leaf development stages, for MlSWEET15c at stemming (stooling) stage, for MlSWEET1a at 2nd leaf development, stemming and lateral branching stages. The MlSWEET1b gene can be confidently considered a good marker with specific expression for effective development of AM symbiosis between M. lupulina and R. irregularis in the presence of medium level of phosphorus available to plants in the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kryukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A O Gorbunova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T R Kudriashova
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - O B Ivanchenko
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M F Shishova
- Saint Petersburg State University, Biological Faculty, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A P Yurkov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia
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The Role of Medicago lupulina Interaction with Rhizophagus irregularis in the Determination of Root Metabolome at Early Stages of AM Symbiosis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182338. [PMID: 36145739 PMCID: PMC9501341 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nature of plant–fungi interaction at early stages of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) development is still a puzzling problem. To investigate the processes behind this interaction, we used the Medicago lupulina MlS-1 line that forms high-efficient AM symbiosis with Rhizophagus irregularis. AM fungus actively colonizes the root system of the host plant and contributes to the formation of effective AM as characterized by a high mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) in the host plant. The present study is aimed at distinguishing the alterations in the M. lupulina root metabolic profile as an indicative marker of effective symbiosis. We examined the root metabolome at the 14th and 24th day after sowing and inoculation (DAS) with low substrate phosphorus levels. A GS-MS analysis detected 316 metabolites. Results indicated that profiles of M. lupulina root metabolites differed from those in leaves previously detected. The roots contained fewer sugars and organic acids. Hence, compounds supporting the growth of mycorrhizal fungus (especially amino acids, specific lipids, and carbohydrates) accumulated, and their presence coincided with intensive development of AM structures. Mycorrhization determined the root metabolite profile to a greater extent than host plant development. The obtained data highlight the importance of active plant–fungi metabolic interaction at early stages of host plant development for the determination of symbiotic efficiency.
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