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Holden CA, McAinsh M, Taylor JE, Beckett P, Martin FL. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy reveals environment specific phenotypes in clonal Japanese knotweed. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:769. [PMID: 39135189 PMCID: PMC11321083 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica var. japonica), a problematic invasive species, has a wide geographical distribution. We have previously shown the potential for attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics to segregate regional differentiation between Japanese knotweed plants. However, the contribution of environment to spectral differences remains unclear. Herein, the response of Japanese knotweed to varied environmental habitats has been studied. Eight unique growth environments were created by manipulation of the red: far-red light ratio (R: FR), water availability, nitrogen, and micronutrients. Their impacts on plant growth, photosynthetic parameters, and ATR-FTIR spectral profiles, were explored using chemometric techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis, support vector machines (SVM) and partial least squares regression. Key wavenumbers responsible for spectral differences were identified with PCA loadings, and molecular biomarkers were assigned. Partial least squared regression (PLSR) of spectral absorbance and root water potential (RWP) data was used to create a predictive model for RWP. RESULTS Spectra from plants grown in different environments were differentiated using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with SVM. Biomarkers highlighted through PCA loadings corresponded to several molecules, most commonly cell wall carbohydrates, suggesting that these wavenumbers could be consistent indicators of plant stress across species. R: FR most affected the ATR-FTIR spectra of intact dried leaf material. PLSR prediction of root water potential achieved an R2 of 0.8, supporting the potential use of ATR-FTIR spectrometers as sensors for prediction of plant physiological parameters. CONCLUSIONS Japanese knotweed exhibits environmentally induced phenotypes, indicated by measurable differences in their ATR-FTIR spectra. This high environmental plasticity reflected by key biomolecular changes may contribute to its success as an invasive species. Light quality (R: FR) appears critical in defining the growth and spectral response to environment. Cross-species conservation of biomarkers suggest that they could function as indicators of plant-environment interactions including abiotic stress responses and plant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Holden
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Martin McAinsh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Jane E Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Francis L Martin
- Biocel Ltd, Hull, HU10 7TS, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool, FY3 8NR, UK
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Ferreira-Anta T, Torres MD, Vilarino JM, Dominguez H, Flórez-Fernández N. Green Extraction of Antioxidant Fractions from Humulus lupulus Varieties and Microparticle Production via Spray-Drying. Foods 2023; 12:3881. [PMID: 37893773 PMCID: PMC10667999 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The formulation of polymeric microparticles to encapsulate bioactive compounds from two hop varieties (Nugget and Perle) using sequential green extraction processes was performed. The technologies used were ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized hot water (PHW) extraction. Liquid phases were analyzed for total phenolic content (~2%), antioxidant activity (IC50, DPPH: 3.68 (Nugget); 4.46 (Perle) g/L, TEAC (~4-5%), FRAP (~2-3%), and reducing power (~4%)), protein content (~1%), oligosaccharide content (~45%), and for structural features. The fractions obtained from UAE were selected to continue with the drying process, achieving the maximum yield at 120 °C (Perle) and 130 °C (Nugget) (~77%). Based on these results, the formulation of polymeric microparticles using mannitol as the carrier was performed with these fractions. The production yield (~65%), particle size distribution (Perle: 250-750 µm and Nugget: ~100 µm), and rheological features (30-70 mPa s at 0.1 s-1) were the parameters evaluated. The UAE extracts from hop samples processed using a sustainable aqueous treatment allowed the formulation of microparticles with a suitable yield, and morphological and viscosity properties adequate for potential food and non-food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Ferreira-Anta
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (M.D.T.); (N.F.-F.)
| | - María Dolores Torres
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (M.D.T.); (N.F.-F.)
| | | | - Herminia Dominguez
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (M.D.T.); (N.F.-F.)
| | - Noelia Flórez-Fernández
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (T.F.-A.); (M.D.T.); (N.F.-F.)
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Kolenc Z, Hribernik T, Langerholc T, Pintarič M, Prevolnik Povše M, Bren U. Antioxidant Activity of Different Hop ( Humulus lupulus L.) Genotypes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3436. [PMID: 37836176 PMCID: PMC10575397 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity (AA) of hop extracts obtained from different hop genotypes (n = 14) was studied. For comparison, the purified β-acids-rich fraction and α-acids-with-β-acids-rich fraction were also used to test the antioxidative potential. The AA of purified hydroacetonic hop extracts was investigated using the Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP), Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity (ORAC) and Intracellular Antioxidant (IA) methods. The FRAP values in different hop genotypes ranged between 63.5 and 101.6 μmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g dry weight (DW), the ORAC values ranged between 1069 and 1910 μmol TE/g DW and IA potential values ranged between 52.7 and 118.0 mmol TE/g DW. Significant differences in AA between hop genotypes were observed with all three methods. AAs were determined using three different methods, which did not highly correlate with each other. We also did not find significant correlations between AA and different chemical components, which applies both to AA determined using individual methods as well as the total AA. Based on this fact, we assume that the synergistic or antagonistic effects between hop compounds have a more pronounced effect on AA than the presence and quantity of individual hop compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zala Kolenc
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška ulica 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, SI-2311 Hoče, Slovenia; (T.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Tamara Hribernik
- Department of Lifestock Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, SI-2311 Hoče, Slovenia;
| | - Tomaž Langerholc
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, SI-2311 Hoče, Slovenia; (T.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Maša Pintarič
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, SI-2311 Hoče, Slovenia; (T.L.); (M.P.)
| | - Maja Prevolnik Povše
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, SI-2311 Hoče, Slovenia;
| | - Urban Bren
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Thermodynamics, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
- Department of Applied Natural Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, University of Primorska, Glagoljaška ulica 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Sensors, Beloruska ulica 7, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Taiti C, Di Matteo G, Spano M, Vinciguerra V, Masi E, Mannina L, Garzoli S. Metabolomic Approach Based on Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Secondary Metabolites from Humulus lupulus L. Dried Leaves. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13732. [PMID: 37762036 PMCID: PMC10531422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, the leaves of the hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) are an unexploited and still little-investigated agricultural by-product. In our study, with the aim of exploring the metabolome of dried hop leaves (Chinook cultivar), a metabolomic approach was applied using multiple analytical tools such as SPME/GC-MS, GC-MS, PTR-ToF-MS, and NMR to identify the secondary metabolites. The obtained results showed the presence of a high number of components belonging to different chemical classes. In fact, thanks to the multi-methodological approach, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with low molecular weight, terpenic compounds, fatty acids, sugars, amino acids, organic acids, and alcohols have been detected and identified. Among the revealed terpenes in the untreated matrix, the sesquiterpenes α-humulene, β-caryophyllene, and α-copaene were the most abundant. Among the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, palmitic and linolenic acids, respectively, were those with the highest relative percentages. Particularly relevant was the sugar content, where sucrose was the main exponent while glutamate and asparagine were the principal detected amino acids. Conversely, alcohols and organic acids were the least abundant compound classes, and xanthohumol was also identified in the methanolic extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Taiti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Forest, Università di Firenze, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Giacomo Di Matteo
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Mattia Spano
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Vittorio Vinciguerra
- Department for Innovation in Biological Systems, Food and Forestry, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Elisa Masi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Forest, Università di Firenze, 50019 Firenze, Italy; (C.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drug, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (G.D.M.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
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Moureu S, Jacquin J, Samaillie J, Deweer C, Rivière C, Muchembled J. Antifungal Activity of Hop Leaf Extracts and Xanthohumol on Two Strains of Venturia inaequalis with Different Sensitivities to Triazoles. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1605. [PMID: 37375106 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hop cones are well-known for their antimicrobial properties, attributed to their specialized metabolites. Thus, this study aimed to determine the in vitro antifungal activity of different hop parts, including by-products such as leaves and stems, and some metabolites against Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab. For each plant part, two types of extracts, a crude hydro-ethanolic extract and a dichloromethane sub-extract, were tested on spore germination of two strains with different sensitivities to triazole fungicides. Both extracts of cones, leaves and stems were able to inhibit the two strains, whereas rhizomes did not show activity. The apolar sub-extract of leaves appeared as the most active modality tested with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 5 and 10.5 mg·L-1 on the sensitive strain and the strain with reduced sensitivity, respectively. Differences in activity level between strains were noticed for all active modalities tested. Sub-extracts of leaves were then separated into seven fractions by preparative HPLC and tested on V. inaequalis. One fraction, containing xanthohumol, was especially active on both strains. This prenylated chalcone was then purified by preparative HPLC and showed significant activity against both strains, with IC50 of 1.6 and 5.1 mg·L-1. Therefore, xanthohumol seems to be a promising compound to control V. inaequalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Moureu
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Justine Jacquin
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jennifer Samaillie
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Caroline Deweer
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Céline Rivière
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Muchembled
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
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Carbone K, Gervasi F. An Updated Review of the Genus Humulus: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds for Health and Disease Prevention. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3434. [PMID: 36559547 PMCID: PMC9782902 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal potential of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is widely cited in ancient literature and is also allowed in several official pharmacopoeias for the treatment of a variety of ailments, mainly related to anxiety states. This is due to the plethora of phytoconstituents (e.g., bitter acids, polyphenols, prenyl flavonoids) present in the female inflorescences, commonly known as cones or strobili, endowed with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and phytoestrogen activities. Hop has recently attracted the interest of the scientific community due to the presence of xanthohumol, whose strong anti-cancer activity against various types of cancer cells has been well documented, and for the presence of 8-prenyl naringenin, the most potent known phytoestrogen. Studies in the literature have also shown that hop compounds can hinder numerous signalling pathways, including ERK1/2 phosphorylation, regulation of AP-1 activity, PI3K-Akt, and nuclear factor NF-κB, which are the main targets of the antiproliferative action of bitter acids and prenylflavonoids. In light of these considerations, the aim of this review was to provide an up-to-date overview of the main biologically active compounds found in hops, as well as their in vitro and in vivo applications for human health and disease prevention. To this end, a quantitative literature analysis approach was used, using VOSviewer software to extract and process Scopus bibliometric data. In addition, data on the pharmacokinetics of bioactive hop compounds and clinical studies in the literature were analysed. To make the information more complete, studies on the beneficial properties of the other two species belonging to the genus Humulus, H. japonicus and H. yunnanensis, were also reviewed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Carbone
- CREA—Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Via di Fioranello 52, 00134 Rome, Italy
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Hops Germplasm: Phytochemical Characterization of Wild Humulus lupulus of Central and Northern Italy. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121564. [PMID: 35736715 PMCID: PMC9231044 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hops are widespread as a wild plant in almost all Northern and Central Italy, and the characterization of wild populations is attracting considerable interest in verifying their potential use. The development of hops as agricultural crop can be an interesting opportunity, both for farms that would have available a new crop to be included in the crop system and for craft breweries interested in characterizing beers with local raw materials. In the present work, 14 wild hop accessions coming from various Italian locations were characterized and compared with 2 commercial varieties (Cascade and Hallertau Taurus) grown in the same environments. The cones were analyzed to measure the content of α- and β-acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and the anti-radical power. The α-acid content of wild hops was generally low, while the β-acid content was very variable and quite high in some samples. The content in polyphenols and flavonoids and the antiradical power were high and generally similar to those of the commercial varieties. Therefore, the analyzed genotypes are not very suitable for use as bitter hops in beer production, while further analysis may indicate a possible use as aroma hops, or for herbal and pharmaceutical purposes, thanks to their antioxidant content.
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Zugravu CA, Bohiltea RE, Salmen T, Pogurschi E, Otelea MR. Antioxidants in Hops: Bioavailability, Health Effects and Perspectives for New Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020241. [PMID: 35204124 PMCID: PMC8868281 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) has been used by humans for ages, presumably first as a herbal remedy, then in the manufacturing of different products, from which beer is the most largely consumed. Female hops cones have different useful chemical compounds, an important class being antioxidants, mainly polyphenols. This narrative review describes the main antioxidants in hops, their bioavailability and biological effects, and the results obtained by now in the primary and secondary prevention of several non-communicable diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome related diseases and oncology. This article presents in vitro and in vivo data in order to better understand what was accomplished in terms of knowledge and practice, and what needs to be clarified by additional studies, mainly regarding xantohumol and its derivates, as well as regarding the bitter acids of hops. The multiple protective effects found by different studies are hindered up to now by the low bioavailability of some of the main antioxidants in hops. However, there are new promising products with important health effects and perspectives of use as food supplements, in a market where consumers increasingly search for products originating directly from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina-Aurelia Zugravu
- Department of Hygiene and Ecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050463 Bucharest, Romania; or
| | - Roxana-Elena Bohiltea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; or
| | - Teodor Salmen
- Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, “Prof. Dr. N.C.Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-743526731
| | - Elena Pogurschi
- Faculty of Animal Productions Engineering and Management, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 57 Marasti Blvd, 011464 Bucharest, Romania; or
| | - Marina Ruxandra Otelea
- Clinical Department 5, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050463 Bucharest, Romania; or
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