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Li H, Yang Z, Li S, Elfanah AMS, Abdelkhalik S, Tang X, Yin J, Ding M, Liu K, Yang M, Wang X. Stigma and Glume Characteristics Synergistically Determine the Stigma Exsertion Rate in Thermo-Photo-Sensitive Genic Male Sterile Wheat. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2267. [PMID: 39204703 PMCID: PMC11360827 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Wheat hybrids have been widely demonstrated to have remarkable heterosis or hybrid vigor in increasing yield potential and stability since the 1960s. Two-line hybrid wheat can achieve higher yields than local varieties, especially in marginal environments. However, the commercial application of hybrid wheat is hindered by higher seed costs, primarily due to lower yields in hybrid seed production. Stigma exsertion has been verified as a decisive factor in increasing rice's hybrid seed yield, but more investigation is needed in hybrid wheat breeding and production. In this study, four thermo-photo-sensitive genic male sterile lines, including K41S, K64S, K66S, and K68S, with different stigma exsertion rates (SERs) were used to compare the differences in floral architecture relative to stigma exsertion over two growing seasons. The results revealed that the K41S and K64S exhibited a relatively higher SER at 21.87% and 22.81%, respectively. No exserted stigma was observed in K66S, and K68S had an SER of only 0.82%. This study found that the stigma length, glume width and the length-width ratio of the glume were significantly correlated with the SER, with correlation coefficients of 0.46, -0.46 and 0.60, respectively. Other stigma features such as the branch angle, stretch width and hairbrush length, as well as the glume length, also had a weakly positive correlation with SER (r = 0.09-0.27). For K41S and K64S, the SER was significantly affected by the differences in the stigma branch angle and stigma stretch width among florets. A cross-pollination survey showed that the out-crossing ability of florets with an exserted stigma was about three times as high as that of florets with a non-exserted stigma. As a result, the stigma-exserted florets that accounted for 21.87% and 22.81% of the total florets in K41S and K64S produced 46.80% and 48.53% of the total cross-pollinated seeds in both sterile lines. These findings suggest that a longer stigma combined with a slender glume appears to be the essential floral feature of stigma exsertion in sterile wheat lines. It is expected that breeding and utilizing sterile lines with a higher SER would be a promising solution to cost-effective hybrid wheat seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production (CIC-MCP), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.E.); (S.A.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (M.D.); (K.L.)
| | - Zhonghui Yang
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.E.); (S.A.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (M.D.); (K.L.)
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.E.); (S.A.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (M.D.); (K.L.)
| | - Ahmed M. S. Elfanah
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.E.); (S.A.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (M.D.); (K.L.)
- Wheat Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Sedhom Abdelkhalik
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.E.); (S.A.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (M.D.); (K.L.)
- Wheat Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Xiong Tang
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.E.); (S.A.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (M.D.); (K.L.)
| | - Jian Yin
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.E.); (S.A.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (M.D.); (K.L.)
| | - Mingliang Ding
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.E.); (S.A.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (M.D.); (K.L.)
| | - Kun Liu
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.E.); (S.A.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (M.D.); (K.L.)
| | - Mujun Yang
- Food Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (Z.Y.); (S.L.); (A.M.S.E.); (S.A.); (X.T.); (J.Y.); (M.D.); (K.L.)
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Agriculture, Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production (CIC-MCP), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
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Ashraf H, Ghouri F, Baloch FS, Nadeem MA, Fu X, Shahid MQ. Hybrid Rice Production: A Worldwide Review of Floral Traits and Breeding Technology, with Special Emphasis on China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:578. [PMID: 38475425 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Rice is an important diet source for the majority of the world's population, and meeting the growing need for rice requires significant improvements at the production level. Hybrid rice production has been a significant breakthrough in this regard, and the floral traits play a major role in the development of hybrid rice. In grass species, rice has structural units called florets and spikelets and contains different floret organs such as lemma, palea, style length, anther, and stigma exsertion. These floral organs are crucial in enhancing rice production and uplifting rice cultivation at a broader level. Recent advances in breeding techniques also provide knowledge about different floral organs and how they can be improved by using biotechnological techniques for better production of rice. The rice flower holds immense significance and is the primary focal point for researchers working on rice molecular biology. Furthermore, the unique genetics of rice play a significant role in maintaining its floral structure. However, to improve rice varieties further, we need to identify the genomic regions through mapping of QTLs (quantitative trait loci) or by using GWAS (genome-wide association studies) and their validation should be performed by developing user-friendly molecular markers, such as Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP). This review outlines the role of different floral traits and the benefits of using modern biotechnological approaches to improve hybrid rice production. It focuses on how floral traits are interrelated and their possible contribution to hybrid rice production to satisfy future rice demand. We discuss the significance of different floral traits, techniques, and breeding approaches in hybrid rice production. We provide a historical perspective of hybrid rice production and its current status and outline the challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humera Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fozia Ghouri
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mersin University, Mersin 33100, Türkiye
| | - Muhammad Azhar Nadeem
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Science and Technology, Sivas 58140, Türkiye
| | - Xuelin Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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