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Zhan X, Qiu T, Zhang H, Hou K, Liang X, Chen C, Wang Z, Wu Q, Wang X, Li XL, Wang M, Feng S, Zeng H, Yu C, Wang H, Shen C. Mass spectrometry imaging and single-cell transcriptional profiling reveal the tissue-specific regulation of bioactive ingredient biosynthesis in Taxus leaves. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100630. [PMID: 37231648 PMCID: PMC10504593 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Taxus leaves provide the raw industrial materials for taxol, a natural antineoplastic drug widely used in the treatment of various cancers. However, the precise distribution, biosynthesis, and transcriptional regulation of taxoids and other active components in Taxus leaves remain unknown. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging analysis was used to visualize various secondary metabolites in leaf sections of Taxus mairei, confirming the tissue-specific accumulation of different active metabolites. Single-cell sequencing was used to produce expression profiles of 8846 cells, with a median of 2352 genes per cell. Based on a series of cluster-specific markers, cells were grouped into 15 clusters, suggesting a high degree of cell heterogeneity in T. mairei leaves. Our data were used to create the first Taxus leaf metabolic single-cell atlas and to reveal spatial and temporal expression patterns of several secondary metabolic pathways. According to the cell-type annotation, most taxol biosynthesis genes are expressed mainly in leaf mesophyll cells; phenolic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis genes are highly expressed in leaf epidermal cells (including the stomatal complex and guard cells); and terpenoid and steroid biosynthesis genes are expressed specifically in leaf mesophyll cells. A number of novel and cell-specific transcription factors involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis were identified, including MYB17, WRKY12, WRKY31, ERF13, GT_2, and bHLH46. Our research establishes the transcriptional landscape of major cell types in T. mairei leaves at a single-cell resolution and provides valuable resources for studying the basic principles of cell-type-specific regulation of secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaori Zhan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hongshan Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Kharkiv Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Kailin Hou
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xueshuang Liang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhijing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qicong Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Mingshuang Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shangguo Feng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Houqing Zeng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Kharkiv Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chunna Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Kharkiv Institute, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.
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Perez-Matas E, Garcia-Perez P, Miras-Moreno B, Lucini L, Bonfill M, Palazon J, Hidalgo-Martinez D. Exploring the Interplay between Metabolic Pathways and Taxane Production in Elicited Taxus baccata Cell Suspensions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2696. [PMID: 37514310 PMCID: PMC10386569 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Taxus cell cultures are a reliable biotechnological source of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. However, the interplay between taxane production and other metabolic pathways during elicitation remains poorly understood. In this study, we combined untargeted metabolomics and elicited Taxus baccata cell cultures to investigate variations in taxane-associated metabolism under the influence of 1 µM coronatine (COR) and 150 µM salicylic acid (SA). Our results demonstrated pleiotropic effects induced by both COR and SA elicitors, leading to differential changes in cell growth, taxane content, and secondary metabolism. Metabolite annotation revealed significant effects on N-containing compounds, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids. Multivariate analysis showed that the metabolomic profiles of control and COR-treated samples are closer to each other than to SA-elicited samples at different time points (8, 16, and 24 days). The highest level of paclitaxel content was detected on day 8 under SA elicitation, exhibiting a negative correlation with the biomarkers kauralexin A2 and taxusin. Our study provides valuable insights into the intricate metabolic changes associated with paclitaxel production, aiding its potential optimization through untargeted metabolomics and an evaluation of COR/SA elicitor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Perez-Matas
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pascual Garcia-Perez
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Begoña Miras-Moreno
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Palazon
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Hidalgo-Martinez
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Rogowska A, Pączkowski C, Szakiel A. Modifications in steroid and triterpenoid metabolism in Calendula officinalis plants and hairy root culture in response to chitosan treatment. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:263. [PMID: 37198538 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitosan, a deacetylated derivative of chitin, is one of the most preferred biopolymers for use as biostimulants and biofertilizers in organic agriculture and as elicitors to enhance the productivity of plant in vitro cultures. Valued as a non-toxic, biodegradable, and environment-friendly agent, it is widely applied to improve plant growth and yield, the content of bioactive specialized metabolites, and resistance to stress conditions and pathogens. However, the influence of chitosan on the growth-defense trade-off, particularly the interplay between steroid and triterpenoid metabolism, has not been extensively investigated. RESULTS In this study, Calendula officinalis pot plants and hairy root cultures exposed to chitosan treatment displayed reduced biomass and altered steroid and triterpenoid metabolism. Biosynthesis and accumulation of free forms of sterols (particularly stigmasterol) were inhibited, while the content of sterol esters increased remarkably. The content of some triterpenoids (mainly free triterpenoid acids) was slightly enhanced; however, the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins was negatively affected. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that in certain plants, chitosan treatment might not positively influence the growth and metabolite production. Therefore, to avoid unexpected effects, initial studies of the conditions of chitosan treatment are recommended, including the dose and the number of chitosan applications, the type of treatment (e.g., foliar or soil), and the vegetative stage of the treated plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Rogowska
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Cezary Pączkowski
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szakiel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
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Huang P, Lu M, Li X, Sun H, Cheng Z, Miao Y, Fu Y, Zhang X. An Efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Hairy Root Transformation Method in a Soybean Root Biology Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012261. [PMID: 36293115 PMCID: PMC9603872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The stable genetic transformation of soybean is time-consuming and inefficient. As a simple and practical alternative method, hairy root transformation mediated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes is widely applied in studying root-specific processes, nodulation, biochemical and molecular functions of genes of interest, gene editing efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9, and biological reactors and producers. Therefore, many laboratories have developed unique protocols to obtain hairy roots in composite plants composed of transgenic roots and wild-type shoots. However, these protocols still suffer from the shortcomings of low efficiency and time, space, and cost consumption. To address this issue, we developed a new protocol efficient regeneration and transformation of hairy roots (eR&T) in soybean, by integrating and optimizing the main current methods to achieve high efficiency in both hairy root regeneration and transformation within a shorter period and using less space. By this eR&T method, we obtained 100% regeneration of hairy roots for all explants, with an average 63.7% of transformation frequency, which promoted the simultaneous and comparative analysis of the function of several genes. The eR&T was experimentally verified Promoter:GUS reporters, protein subcellular localization, and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing experiments. Employing this approach, we identified several novel potential regulators of nodulation, and nucleoporins of the Nup107-160 sub-complex, which showed development-dependent and tissue-dependent expression patterns, indicating their important roles in nodulation in soybean. Thus, the new eR&T method is an efficient and economical approach for investigating not only root and nodule biology, but also gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Huang
- Moa Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing), National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingyang Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in the Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiangbei Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huiyu Sun
- Moa Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing), National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yongfu Fu
- Moa Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing), National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Moa Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing), National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.F.); (X.Z.)
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The Influence of Exogenous Jasmonic Acid on the Biosynthesis of Steroids and Triterpenoids in Calendula officinalis Plants and Hairy Root Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012173. [PMID: 36293029 PMCID: PMC9603384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between steroids and triterpenoids, compounds sharing the same biosynthetic pathway but exerting distinctive functions, is an important part of the defense strategy of plants, and includes metabolic modifications triggered by stress hormones such as jasmonic acid. Two experimental models, Calendula officinalis hairy root cultures and greenhouse cultivated plants (pot plants), were applied for the investigation of the effects of exogenously applied jasmonic acid on the biosynthesis and accumulation of steroids and triterpenoids, characterized by targeted GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy) metabolomic profiling. Jasmonic acid elicitation strongly increased triterpenoid saponin production in hairy root cultures (up to 86-fold) and their release to the medium (up to 533-fold), whereas the effect observed in pot plants was less remarkable (two-fold enhancement of saponin biosynthesis after a single foliar application). In both models, the increase of triterpenoid biosynthesis was coupled with hampering the biomass formation and modifying the sterol content, involving stigmasterol-to-sitosterol ratio, and the proportions between ester and glycoside conjugates. The study revealed that various organs in the same plant can react differently to jasmonic acid elicitation; hairy root cultures are a useful in vitro model to track metabolic changes, and enhanced glycosylation (of both triterpenoids and sterols) seems to be important strategy in plant defense response.
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Sohn SI, Pandian S, Rakkammal K, Largia MJV, Thamilarasan SK, Balaji S, Zoclanclounon YAB, Shilpha J, Ramesh M. Jasmonates in plant growth and development and elicitation of secondary metabolites: An updated overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:942789. [PMID: 36035665 PMCID: PMC9407636 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.942789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are incontestably key specialized molecules with proven health-promoting effects on human beings. Naturally synthesized secondary metabolites are considered an important source of pharmaceuticals, food additives, cosmetics, flavors, etc., Therefore, enhancing the biosynthesis of these relevant metabolites by maintaining natural authenticity is getting more attention. The application of exogenous jasmonates (JAs) is well recognized for its ability to trigger plant growth and development. JAs have a large spectrum of action that covers seed germination, hypocotyl growth regulation, root elongation, petal expansion, and apical hook growth. This hormone is considered as one of the key regulators of the plant's growth and development when the plant is under biotic or abiotic stress. The JAs regulate signal transduction through cross-talking with other genes in plants and thereby deploy an appropriate metabolism in the normal or stressed conditions. It has also been found to be an effective chemical elicitor for the synthesis of naturally occurring secondary metabolites. This review discusses the significance of JAs in the growth and development of plants and the successful outcomes of jasmonate-driven elicitation of secondary metabolites including flavonoids, anthraquinones, anthocyanin, xanthonoid, and more from various plant species. However, as the enhancement of these metabolites is essentially measured via in vitro cell culture or foliar spray, the large-scale production is significantly limited. Recent advancements in the plant cell culture technology lay the possibilities for the large-scale manufacturing of plant-derived secondary metabolites. With the insights about the genetic background of the metabolite biosynthetic pathway, synthetic biology also appears to be a potential avenue for accelerating their production. This review, therefore, also discussed the potential manoeuvres that can be deployed to synthesis plant secondary metabolites at the large-scale using plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-In Sohn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Subramani Pandian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | | | | | - Senthil Kumar Thamilarasan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | | | - Yedomon Ange Bovys Zoclanclounon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jayabalan Shilpha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Manikandan Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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Modulation of Steroid and Triterpenoid Metabolism in Calendula officinalis Plants and Hairy Root Cultures Exposed to Cadmium Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105640. [PMID: 35628449 PMCID: PMC9145312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the changes in the content of steroids and triterpenoids in C. officinalis hairy root cultures and plants exposed to cadmium stress. The observed effects included the content and composition of analyzed groups of compounds, particularly the proportions among individual sterols (e.g., stigmasterol-to-sitosterol ratio), their ester and glycoside conjugates. The total sterol content increased in roots (by 30%) and hairy root culture (by 44%), whereas it decreased in shoots (by 15%); moreover, these effects were inversely correlated with Cd-induced growth suppression. Metabolic alterations of sterols and their forms seemed to play a greater role in the response to Cd stress in roots than in shoots. The symptoms of the competition between general metabolites (sterols) and specialized metabolites (triterpenoids) were also observed, i.e., the increase of the sterol biosynthesis parallel to the decrease of the triterpenoid content in C. officinalis plant roots and hairy root culture, and the inverse phenomenon in shoots. The similarity of the metabolic modifications observed in the present study on C. officinalis plant roots and hairy roots confirmed the possibility of application of plant in vitro cultures in initial studies for physiological research on plant response to environmental stresses.
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