Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Chitinase-like Genes in Petunia axillaris

Insecticidal Activity of Chitinases from Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 and Its Relationship with the Toxin Complex

Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 secreted the insecticidal protein toxin complex (Tc). The chi60 and chi70 chitinase genes are located on the gene cluster encoding Tc toxins. To clarify the insecticidal activity of chitinases and their relationship with Tc toxins, the insecticidal activity of the chitinases was assessed on Helicoverpa armigera. Then, the chi60 and chi70 genes of X. nematophila HB310 were knocked out by the pJQ200SK suicide plasmid knockout system. The insecticidal activity of Tc toxin from the wild-type strain (WT) and mutant strains was carried out. The results demonstrate that Chi60 and Chi70 had an obvious growth inhibition effect against the second instar larvae of H. armigera with growth-inhibiting rates of 81.99% and 90.51%, respectively. Chi70 had a synergistic effect with the insecticidal toxicity of Tc toxins, but Chi60 had no synergistic effect with Tc toxins. After feeding Chi60 and Chi70, the peritrophic membrane of H. armigera became inelastic, was easily broken and leaked blue dextran. The Δchi60, Δchi70 and Δchi60-chi70 mutant strains were successfully screened. The toxicity of Tc toxins from the WT, Δchi60, Δchi70 and Δchi60-chi70 was 196.11 μg/mL, 757.25 μg/mL, 885.74 μg/mL and 20,049.83 μg/mL, respectively. The insecticidal activity of Tc toxins from Δchi60 and Δchi70 was 3.861 and 4.517 times lower than that of Tc toxins from the WT, respectively, while the insecticidal activity of Tc toxins from the Δchi60-chi70 mutant strain almost disappeared. These results indicate that the presence of chi60 and chi70 is indispensable for the toxicity of Tc toxins.