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Goforth M, Obergh V, Park R, Porchas M, Crosby KM, Jifon JL, Ravishankar S, Brierley P, Leskovar DL, Turini TA, Schultheis J, Coolong T, Miller R, Koiwa H, Patil BS, Cooper MA, Huynh S, Parker CT, Guan W, Cooper KK. Bacterial diversity and composition on the rinds of specific melon cultivars and hybrids from across different growing regions in the United States. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293861. [PMID: 38603714 PMCID: PMC11008840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize the bacterial diversity on different melon varieties grown in different regions of the US, and determine the influence that region, rind netting, and variety of melon has on the composition of the melon microbiome. Assessing the bacterial diversity of the microbiome on the melon rind can identify antagonistic and protagonistic bacteria for foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms to improve melon safety, prolong shelf-life, and/or improve overall plant health. Bacterial community composition of melons (n = 603) grown in seven locations over a four-year period were used for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysis to identify bacterial diversity and constituents. Statistically significant differences in alpha diversity based on the rind netting and growing region (p < 0.01) were found among the melon samples. Principal Coordinate Analysis based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity distance matrix found that the melon bacterial communities clustered more by region rather than melon variety (R2 value: 0.09 & R2 value: 0.02 respectively). Taxonomic profiling among the growing regions found Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Microbacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae present on the different melon rinds at an abundance of ≥ 0.1%, but no specific core microbiome was found for netted melons. However, a core of Pseudomonadaceae, Bacillaceae, and Exiguobacteraceae were found for non-netted melons. The results of this study indicate that bacterial diversity is driven more by the region that the melons were grown in compared to rind netting or melon type. Establishing the foundation for regional differences could improve melon safety, shelf-life, and quality as well as the consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Goforth
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Victoria Obergh
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Richard Park
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Martin Porchas
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture, University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Crosby
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - John L. Jifon
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, United States of America
| | - Sadhana Ravishankar
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Paul Brierley
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture, University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Leskovar
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M System, Uvalde, TX, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Turini
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- University of California Cooperative Extension, Fresno, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Schultheis
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Timothy Coolong
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Rhonda Miller
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Bhimanagouda S. Patil
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Margarethe A. Cooper
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA, United States of America
| | - Craig T. Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, CA, United States of America
| | - Wenjing Guan
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX, United States of America
- Southwest Purdue Agricultural Center, Vincennes, IN, United States of America
| | - Kerry K. Cooper
- USDA National Center of Excellence for Melon at the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center of Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Yuma Center of Excellence for Desert Agriculture, University of Arizona, Yuma, AZ, United States of America
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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Biogeneration of silver nanoparticles from Cuphea procumbens for biomedical and environmental applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:790. [PMID: 36646714 PMCID: PMC9842608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is one of the most important and relevant disciplines today due to the specific electrical, optical, magnetic, chemical, mechanical and biomedical properties of nanoparticles. In the present study we demonstrate the efficacy of Cuphea procumbens to biogenerate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antibacterial and antitumor activity. These nanoparticles were synthesized using the aqueous extract of C. procumbens as reducing agent and silver nitrate as oxidizing agent. The Transmission Electron Microscopy demonstrated that the biogenic AgNPs were predominantly quasi-spherical with an average particle size of 23.45 nm. The surface plasmonic resonance was analyzed by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) observing a maximum absorption band at 441 nm and Infrared Spectroscopy (FT IR) was used in order to structurally identify the functional groups of some compounds involved in the formation of nanoparticles. The AgNPs demonstrated to have antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, identifying the maximum zone of inhibition at the concentration of 0.225 and 0.158 µg/mL respectively. Moreover, compared to the extract, AgNPs exhibited better antitumor activity and higher therapeutic index (TI) against several tumor cell lines such as human breast carcinoma MCF-7 (IC50 of 2.56 µg/mL, TI of 27.65 µg/mL), MDA-MB-468 (IC50 of 2.25 µg/mL, TI of 31.53 µg/mL), human colon carcinoma HCT-116 (IC50 of 1.38 µg/mL, TI of 51.07 µg/mL) and melanoma A-375 (IC50 of 6.51 µg/mL, TI of 10.89 µg/mL). This fact is of great since it will reduce the side effects derived from the treatment. In addition, AgNPs revealed to have a photocatalytic activity of the dyes congo red (10-3 M) in 5 min and malachite green (10-3 M) in 7 min. Additionally, the degradation percentages were obtained, which were 86.61% for congo red and 82.11% for malachite green. Overall, our results demonstrated for the first time that C. procumbens biogenerated nanoparticles are excellent candidates for several biomedical and environmental applications.
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