1
|
Huo J, Zhe W, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Zeng Z. High-coverage characterization and discovery of molecular markers for quality control of natural fragrant plant extracts using UPLC-HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05478-4. [PMID: 39167185 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The chemical components of natural fragrant plant extracts are of high complexity, and the strategies for quality control (QC) and further discovery of fragrance mechanisms still need to be further investigated. This study integrated the strategies and methods of untargeted metabolomics and chemometrics and statistical modeling to attain the goal. The techniques of reversed-phase and HILIC analysis of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) were simultaneously used to collect data in both positive and negative ion modes. The pattern analysis of fingerprints and discovery of characteristic molecular markers for QC analysis were comprehensively employed to reach in-depth analysis of the quality variation and discovery of differential molecules among natural fragrant plant extracts. The former uses fingerprint technique to analyze their overall similarities and differences, and the latter comprehensively discovers molecular substances characterizing the chemical characteristics of fragrant extracts with the help of metabolomics and univariate and multivariate methods. The findings are expected to be used as the molecular markers in product manufacturing, sales, and consumption to achieve accurate quality control and recognition of targeted molecules for potential quality monitoring using spectroscopy techniques. In this work, 27 natural fragrant extracts were applied as examples, and their chemical components were comprehensively analyzed with discovery of markers for quality control. After data integration, 1178 molecules were annotated, and 267 differential metabolite molecules with the values of variable importance in the projection (VIP) larger than 1.0 were found. The results show that the method proposed in this work is of great significance for high-coverage analysis, QC marker discovery, and aroma mechanism elucidation, which has potential applications in the areas of food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, tobacco, and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Huo
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Wei Zhe
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650231, China
| | - Yipeng Zhang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650231, China.
| | - Qianxu Yang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd, Kunming, 650231, China.
| | - Zhongda Zeng
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qin P, Li Y, Su Y, Wang Z, Wu R, Liang X, Zeng Y, Guo P, Yu Z, Huang X, Yang H, Zeng Z, Zhao X, Gong S, Han J, Chen Z, Xiao W, Chen A. Bifidobacterium adolescentis-derived hypaphorine alleviates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by promoting hepatic Cry1 expression. J Transl Med 2024; 22:525. [PMID: 38822329 PMCID: PMC11143572 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (AILI) is a pressing public health concern. Although evidence suggests that Bifidobacterium adolescentis (B. adolescentis) can be used to treat liver disease, it is unclear if it can prevent AILI. In this report, we prove that B. adolescentis significantly attenuated AILI in mice, as demonstrated through biochemical analysis, histopathology, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Based on untargeted metabolomics and in vitro cultures, we found that B. adolescentis generates microbial metabolite hypaphorine. Functionally, hypaphorine inhibits the inflammatory response and hepatic oxidative stress to alleviate AILI in mice. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that Cry1 expression is increased in APAP-treated mice after hypaphorine treatment. Overexpression of Cry1 by its stabilizer KL001 effectively mitigates liver damage arising from oxidative stress in APAP-treated mice. Using the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database, we verified that Cry1 gene expression was also decreased in patients with APAP-induced acute liver failure. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that B. adolescentis inhibits APAP-induced liver injury by generating hypaphorine, which subsequently upregulates Cry1 to decrease inflammation and oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Qin
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yanru Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yangjing Su
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510665, China
| | - Rong Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoqi Liang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yunong Zeng
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiheng Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhichao Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xintao Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510665, China
| | - Zhenhua Zeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Shenhai Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiaochan Han
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China.
| | - Zhongqing Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Wei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Ministry of Education, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Ali Chen
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bjørklund G, Cruz-Martins N, Goh BH, Mykhailenko O, Lysiuk R, Shanaida M, Lenchyk L, Upyr T, Rusu ME, Pryshlyak A, Shanaida V, Chirumbolo S. Medicinal Plant-derived Phytochemicals in Detoxification. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:988-1015. [PMID: 37559241 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230809094242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The average worldwide human life expectancy is 70 years, with a significantly higher value in Western societies. Many modern diseases are not associated with premature mortality but with a decreased quality of life in aged patients and an excessive accumulation of various toxic compounds in the human body during life. Today, scientists are especially interested in finding compounds that can help increase a healthy lifespan by detoxifying the body. Phytotherapy with specific approaches is used in alternative medicine to remove toxins from the body. Worldwide, research is conducted to identify medicinal plant-derived molecules that, with few or no side effects, may protect the liver and other organs. This review provides updated information about the detoxification process, the traditional and modern use of the most effective medicinal plants, their active metabolites as detoxifying agents, and the mechanisms and pathways involved in the detoxification process. Among medicinal plants with substantial detoxifying properties, a major part belongs to the Asteraceae family (Silybum marianum, Cynara scolymus, Arctium lappa, Helichrysum species, Inula helenium, and Taraxacum officinale). The most widely used hepatoprotective phytocomponent is silymarin, a standardized extract from the Silybum marianum seeds containing a mixture of flavonolignans. Many polysaccharides, polyphenols, and terpenoids have a detoxifying effect. Overall, scientific data on medicinal plants used in phytotherapeutic practice worldwide provides an understanding and awareness of their efficacy in detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geir Bjørklund
- Department of Research, Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Toften 24, Mo i Rana 8610, Norway
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (CESPU), Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory (BMEX) Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Victoria, Malaysia
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Lahore, Pakistan
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Olha Mykhailenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy of Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Bromatology and Medicinal Chemistry Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Lysiuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
- CONEM Ukraine Life Science Research Group, Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Mariia Shanaida
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medical Botany, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Lenchyk
- CONEM Ukraine Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry Research Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies and Quality of Medicines, Institute for Advanced Training of Pharmacy Specialists, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Taras Upyr
- CONEM Ukraine Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry Research Group, National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Antonina Pryshlyak
- Department of Human Anatomy, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Shanaida
- Design of Machine Tools, Instruments and Machines Department, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Salvatore Chirumbolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- CONEM Scientific Secretary, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen L, Zhang T, Ding H, Xie X, Zhu Y, Dai G, Gao Y, Zhang G, Xie K. Identification of metabolite biomarkers in Salmonella enteritidis-contaminated chickens using UHPLC-QTRAP-MS-based targeted metabolomics. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100966. [PMID: 38144757 PMCID: PMC10740086 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the metabolic profile of Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) in chicken matrix and to identify metabolic biomarkers of S. enteritidis in chicken. The UHPLC-QTRAP-MS high-throughput targeted metabolomics approach was employed to analyze the metabolic profiles of contaminated and control group chickens. A total of 348 metabolites were quantified, and the application of deep learning least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) modelling analysis obtained eight potential metabolite biomarkers for S. enteritidis. Metabolic abundance change analysis revealed significantly enriched abundances of anthranilic acid, l-pyroglutamic acid, 5-hydroxylysine, n,n-dimethylarginine, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and menatetrenone in contaminated chicken samples. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated the strong ability of these six metabolites as biomarkers to distinguish S. enteritidis contaminated and fresh chicken samples. The findings presented in this study offer a theoretical foundation for developing an innovative approach to identify and detect foodborne contamination caused by S. enteritidis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of MOE, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of MOE, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hao Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of MOE, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Yali Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of MOE, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guojun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of MOE, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yushi Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210000 China
| | - Genxi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of MOE, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of MOE, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo S, Qin N, Wang X, Zuo Z, Li Q, Wang Y. Freeze-dried powder of daylily bud improves bromocriptine-induced lactation disorder in rats via JAK2/STAT5 pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 313:116536. [PMID: 37120059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Milk deficiency is a prevalent problem in the world. Daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Borani), called the Chinese mother flower, is a traditional vegetable and is believed to possess a galactagogue effect in China. Flavonoids and phenols are considered as the active ingredients of daylily to promote lactation and improve depression. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the prolactin effects of freeze-dried powder of flower buds of H. citrina Baroni in rat and its action mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical constituents of flower buds of H. citrina Baroni treated by different drying techniques were analyzed by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model induced by bromocriptine was used to evaluate the effect of freeze-dried powder of daylily buds on promoting lactation. Network pharmacology method, ELISA, qPCR, and Western blot were used to clarify the action mechanisms. RESULTS We detected 657 compounds in daylily buds. The relative contents of total flavonoids and phenols in freeze-dried samples were higher than those in dried ones. Bromocriptine, as a dopamine receptor agonist, can significantly inhibit prolactin in rats. Daylily buds can restore the levels of prolactin, progesterone and estradiol depressed by bromocriptine, effectively improve the milk production of the rat, and promote the repair of rat mammary gland tissue. We analyzed the relationship between the chemical components of daylily buds and the genes related to lactation with network pharmacology method, revealing that flavonoids and phenols may be the active components that promoted milk production via JAK2/STAT5 pathway, which was confirmed by the results of qPCR and Western blot. Daylily buds can increase the mRNA expression of PRLR, CSN2, LALBA and FASN and the protein expression of PRLR, JAK2 and STAT5. CONCLUSION Daylily buds can improve the insufficient lactation of rats induced by bromocriptine through PRLR/JAK2/STAT5 pathway, and the freeze-dried processing method may better retain the active components of flavonoids and phenols that promote milk in daylily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Guo
- Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Department of Development Planning and Cooperation, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Nannan Qin
- Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Department of Development Planning and Cooperation, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, PR China.
| | - Xiuying Wang
- Shanxi Institute for Functional Food, Department of Development Planning and Cooperation, College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, PR China.
| | - Zanwen Zuo
- Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, PR China.
| | - Qizhang Li
- Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, PR China.
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, Sichuan Research Institute, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cerdá-Bernad D, Costa L, Serra AT, Bronze MR, Valero-Cases E, Pérez-Llamas F, Candela ME, Arnao MB, Barberán FT, Villalba RG, García-Conesa MT, Frutos MJ. Saffron against Neuro-Cognitive Disorders: An Overview of Its Main Bioactive Compounds, Their Metabolic Fate and Potential Mechanisms of Neurological Protection. Nutrients 2022; 14:5368. [PMID: 36558528 PMCID: PMC9781906 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a spice used worldwide as a colouring and flavouring agent. Saffron is also a source of multiple bioactive constituents with potential health benefits. Notably, saffron displays consistent beneficial effects against a range of human neurological disorders (depression, anxiety, sleeping alterations). However, the specific compounds and biological mechanisms by which this protection may be achieved have not yet been elucidated. In this review, we have gathered the most updated evidence of the neurological benefits of saffron, as well as the current knowledge on the main saffron constituents, their bioavailability and the potential biological routes and postulated mechanisms by which the beneficial protective effect may occur. Our aim was to provide an overview of the neuroprotective effects attributed to this product and its main bioactive compounds and to highlight the main research gaps that need to be further pursued to achieve full evidence and understanding of the benefits of saffron. Overall, improved clinical trials and adequately designed pre-clinical studies are needed to support the evidence of saffron and of its main bioactive components (e.g., crocin, crocetin) as a therapeutic product to combat neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Débora Cerdá-Bernad
- Research Group on Quality and Safety, Agro-Food Technology Department, CIAGRO-UMH, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental, Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Orihuela, Spain
| | - Leonor Costa
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Teresa Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Bronze
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- iMED, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Estefanía Valero-Cases
- Research Group on Quality and Safety, Agro-Food Technology Department, CIAGRO-UMH, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental, Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Orihuela, Spain
| | | | - María Emilia Candela
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marino B. Arnao
- Department of Plant Biology (Plant Physiology), Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Tomás Barberán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocío García Villalba
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María-Teresa García-Conesa
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María-José Frutos
- Research Group on Quality and Safety, Agro-Food Technology Department, CIAGRO-UMH, Centro de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental, Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Orihuela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|