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Sharma A, Hazarika M, Heisnam P, Pandey H, Devadas VASN, Kesavan AK, Kumar P, Singh D, Vashishth A, Jha R, Misra V, Kumar R. Controlled Environment Ecosystem: A Cutting-Edge Technology in Speed Breeding. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:29114-29138. [PMID: 39005787 PMCID: PMC11238293 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The controlled environment ecosystem is a meticulously designed plant growing chamber utilized for cultivating biofortified crops and microgreens, addressing hidden hunger and malnutrition prevalent in the growing population. The integration of speed breeding within such controlled environments effectively eradicates morphological disruptions encountered in traditional breeding methods such as inbreeding depression, male sterility, self-incompatibility, embryo abortion, and other unsuccessful attempts. In contrast to the unpredictable climate conditions that often prolong breeding cycles to 10-15 years in traditional breeding and 4-5 years in transgenic breeding within open ecosystems, speed breeding techniques expedite the achievement of breeding objectives and F1-F6 generations within 2-3 years under controlled growing conditions. In comparison, traditional breeding may take 5-10 years for plant population line creation, 3-5 years for field trials, and 1-2 years for variety release. The effectiveness of speed breeding in trait improvement and population line development varies across different crops, requiring approximately 4 generations in rice and groundnut, 5 generations in soybean, pea, and oat, 6 generations in sorghum, Amaranthus sp., and subterranean clover, 6-7 generations in bread wheat, durum wheat, and chickpea, 7 generations in broad bean, 8 generations in lentil, and 10 generations in Arabidopsis thaliana annually within controlled environment ecosystems. Artificial intelligence leverages neural networks and algorithm models to screen phenotypic traits and assess their role in diverse crop species. Moreover, in controlled environment systems, mechanistic models combined with machine learning effectively regulate stable nutrient use efficiency, water use efficiency, photosynthetic assimilation product, metabolic use efficiency, climatic factors, greenhouse gas emissions, carbon sequestration, and carbon footprints. However, any negligence, even minor, in maintaining optimal photoperiodism, temperature, humidity, and controlling pests or diseases can lead to the deterioration of crop trials and speed breeding techniques within the controlled environment system. Further comparative studies are imperative to comprehend and justify the efficacy of climate management techniques in controlled environment ecosystems compared to natural environments, with or without soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Sharma
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh 792103, India
| | - Mainu Hazarika
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh 792103, India
| | - Punabati Heisnam
- College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Iroisemba, Manipur 795004, India
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- PG Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab 143002, India
| | | | - Ajith Kumar Kesavan
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Arunachal University of Studies, Namsai, Arunachal Pradesh 792103, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342304, India
| | - Devendra Singh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh 225003, India
| | - Amit Vashishth
- Patanjali Herbal Research Department, Patanjali Research Institute, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249405, India
| | - Rani Jha
- ISBM University, Gariyaband, Chhattishgarh 493996, India
| | - Varucha Misra
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226002, India
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Nájera C, Ros M, Moreno DA, Hernández-Lara A, Pascual JA. Combined effect of an agro-industrial compost and light spectra composition on yield and phytochemical profile in mizuna and pak choi microgreens. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26390. [PMID: 38420396 PMCID: PMC10901005 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate the growth of two species of microgreens (mizuna and pak choi), using agro-industrial compost as growing media in two different mixes versus one hundred percent peat, under two different LED illumination spectra (LED 1 and LED 2) in a 14 h photoperiod. The experiment was carried-out for two times. Biomass yield, glucosinolates, and phenolic compounds, and nitrate (NO3-) content were analysed in leaf tissues. In both species, the highest fresh and dry biomass production was in compost:peat (50:50%) and LED 2 (Blue/Red/Far Red). In general, compost had a greater influence on nitrate content than light, but in the microgreen pak choi, the anthocyanin content was inhibited by the compost treatment. In the other hand both LED illumination had a positive effect on mizuna for glucosinolates and anthocyanins, and LED 2 also showed a positive effect on pak choi for anthocyanin. Therefore, the use of agri-food compost: peat (50:50%) with LED 2 (blue/red) lighting treatment to obtain microgreens in indoor crops is a plausible technology that provides nutritionally and phytochemically rich crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Nájera
- Department of Agronomy, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Wastes Management, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo – 25, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Margarita Ros
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Wastes Management, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo – 25, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego A. Moreno
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Food Lab (LabFAS), Food Science and Technology Department, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo – 25, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia Hernández-Lara
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Wastes Management, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo – 25, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Antonio Pascual
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation and Organic Wastes Management, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo – 25, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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Abbey L, MacDonald M, Ampofo J. Fruit and Vegetable Production. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3125. [PMID: 37687371 PMCID: PMC10490005 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Fruits and vegetables are generally known to contain important vitamins, fiber, essential minerals, and vital bioactive compounds that possess health benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lord Abbey
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Mason MacDonald
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Josephine Ampofo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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Ajeethan N, Yurgel SN, Abbey L. Role of Bacteria-Derived Flavins in Plant Growth Promotion and Phytochemical Accumulation in Leafy Vegetables. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13311. [PMID: 37686117 PMCID: PMC10488295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 bacteria secretes a considerable amount of flavins (FLs) and can form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with legumes. This strain is also associated with non-legume plants. However, its role in plant growth promotion (PGP) of non-legumes is not well understood. The present study evaluated the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) plants inoculated with S. meliloti 1021 (FL+) and its mutant 1021ΔribBA, with a limited ability to secrete FLs (FL-). The results from this study indicated that inoculation with 1021 significantly (p < 0.05) increased the lengths and surface areas of the roots and hypocotyls of the seedlings compared to 1021ΔribBA. The kale and lettuce seedlings recorded 19% and 14% increases in total root length, respectively, following inoculation with 1021 compared to 1021ΔribBA. A greenhouse study showed that plant growth, photosynthetic rate, and yield were improved by 1021 inoculation. Moreover, chlorophylls a and b, and total carotenoids were more significantly (p < 0.05) increased in kale plants associated with 1021 than non-inoculated plants. In kale, total phenolics and flavonoids were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 6% and 23%, respectively, and in lettuce, the increments were 102% and 57%, respectively, following 1021 inoculation. Overall, bacterial-derived FLs enhanced kale and lettuce plant growth, physiological indices, and yield. Future investigation will use proteomic approaches combined with plant physiological responses to better understand host-plant responses to bacteria-derived FLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivethika Ajeethan
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Svetlana N. Yurgel
- USDA, ARS, Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Prosser, WA 99350, USA;
| | - Lord Abbey
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B2N 5E3, Canada
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Fabek Uher S, Radman S, Opačić N, Dujmović M, Benko B, Lagundžija D, Mijić V, Prša L, Babac S, Šic Žlabur J. Alfalfa, Cabbage, Beet and Fennel Microgreens in Floating Hydroponics-Perspective Nutritious Food? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112098. [PMID: 37299078 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microgreens are young plants of various vegetables, medicinal and aromatic plants, cereals and edible wild plants that were first associated with nouvelle cuisine as decoration in dishes due to their attractive appearance and strong flavor. Recently, they have become more sought after in the market due to their high nutritional value. This is due to the growing interest of consumers in a healthy lifestyle that includes a varied diet with emphasis on fresh, functional foods. Nowadays, commercial production of microgreens is shifting to modern hydroponic systems due to their numerous advantages, such as accelerated plant growth and biomass production, earlier harvesting, and more production cycles that positively affect yield and chemical composition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the content of specialized metabolites and antioxidant capacity of hydroponically grown alfalfa (Medicago sativa) cv. 'Kangaroo', yellow beet (Beta vulgaris var. conditiva) cv. 'Yellow Lady', red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. rubra) cv. 'Red Carpet', and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) cv. 'Aganarpo' microgreens. The highest content of total phenols (408.03 mg GAE/100 g fw), flavonoids (214.47 mg GAE/100 g fw), non-flavonoids (193.56 mg GAE/100 g fw) and ascorbic acid (74.94 mg/100 g fw) was found in fennel microgreens. The highest content of all analyzed chlorophyll pigments (Chl_a 0.536 mg/g fw, Chl_b 0.248 mg/g fw, and TCh 0.785 mg/g fw) was found in alfalfa microgreens. However, in addition to alfalfa, high levels of chlorophyll a (0.528 mg/g fw), total chlorophyll (0.713 mg/g fw) and the highest level of total carotenoids (0.196 mg/g fw) were also detected in fennel microgreens. The results suggest that microgreens grown on perlite in floating hydroponics have high nutritional potential as a functional food important for human health and therefore could be recommended for daily diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Fabek Uher
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Radman
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nevena Opačić
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mia Dujmović
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Storage and Transport, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Božidar Benko
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Denis Lagundžija
- Graduate Studies Horticulture, Organic Agriculture with Agrotourism, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valent Mijić
- Graduate Studies Horticulture, Organic Agriculture with Agrotourism, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lucija Prša
- Graduate Studies Horticulture, Organic Agriculture with Agrotourism, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Srđan Babac
- Graduate Studies Horticulture, Organic Agriculture with Agrotourism, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jana Šic Žlabur
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Storage and Transport, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture, Svetošimunska Cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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