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Mukhamedsadykova AZ, Kasela M, Kozhanova KK, Sakipova ZB, Kukuła-Koch W, Józefczyk A, Świątek Ł, Rajtar B, Iwan M, Kołodziej P, Ludwiczuk A, Kadyrbayeva GM, Kuntubek GN, Mamatova AS, Bogucka-Kocka A, Malm A. Anthelminthic and antimicrobial effects of hedge woundwort ( Stachys sylvatica L.) growing in Southern Kazakhstan. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1386509. [PMID: 38769997 PMCID: PMC11102979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1386509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The Stachys L. genus has been widely used in traditional medicine in many countries throughout the world. The study aimed to investigate the chemical composition and bioactivity of the hydroethanolic extract (50% v/v) obtained by ultrasonication from the aerial flowering parts of Stachys sylvatica L. (SSE) collected in Almaty region (Southern Kazakhstan). According to RP-HPLC/PDA analysis the leading metabolites of the SSE belonged to polyphenols: chlorogenic acid and its isomers (2.34 mg/g dry extract) and luteolin derivatives (1.49 mg/g dry extract), while HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS-based qualitative fingerprinting revealed the presence of 17 metabolites, mainly chlorogenic acid and its isomers, flavonoid glycosides, and verbascoside with its derivatives. GC-MS analysis of the volatile metabolites showed mainly the presence of diterpenoids and fatty acid esters. A reduction in the viability of nematodes Rhabditis sp. was obtained for the SSE concentration of 3.3 mg/mL, while 11.1 mg/mL showed activity comparable to albendazole. The SSE exhibited higher activity against Gram-positive (MIC = 0.5-2 mg/mL) than Gram-negative bacteria and yeast (MIC = 8 mg/mL), exerting bactericidal and fungicidal effects but with no sporicidal activity. The SSE showed some antiviral activity against HCoV-229E replicating in MRC-5 and good protection against the cytopathic effect induced by HHV-1 in VERO. The SSE was moderately cytotoxic towards human cervical adenocarcinoma (H1HeLa) cells (CC50 of 0.127 mg/mL after 72 h). This study provides novel information on the SSE extract composition and its biological activity, especially in the context of the SSE as a promising candidate for further antiparasitic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigerim Z. Mukhamedsadykova
- Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Martyna Kasela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kaldanay K. Kozhanova
- Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zuriyadda B. Sakipova
- Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Aleksandra Józefczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Łukasz Świątek
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Rajtar
- Department of Virology with Viral Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Iwan
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kołodziej
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ludwiczuk
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Gulnara M. Kadyrbayeva
- Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gulnur N. Kuntubek
- Department of Engineering Disciplines of Good Practices, School of Pharmacy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aliya S. Mamatova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anna Bogucka-Kocka
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Malm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Qureshi KA, Parvez A, Uzzaman Khan MM, Aspatwar A, Atiya A, Elhassan GO, Khan RA, Erattil Ahammed SY, Khan WU, Jaremko M. Exploring nature's hidden treasure: Unraveling the untapped phytochemical and pharmacological potentials of Clinopodium vulgare L. - A hidden gem in the Lamiaceae family. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24781. [PMID: 38312627 PMCID: PMC10834805 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Folk medicine, rooted in historical practice, has long been used for medicinal purposes, emphasizing the need to ensure the safety, quality, and efficacy of herbal medicines. This imperative has grown over time, prompting collaborative efforts to document historical records and preserve invaluable knowledge of medicinal plants. The Lamiaceae (Labiatae) family, renowned for its rich assortment of medicinal plants characterized by high concentrations of volatile oils, stands out in this regard. This review focuses on Clinopodium vulgare (C. vulgare) L., commonly known as wild basil or basil thyme, a significant species within the Lamiaceae family found across diverse global regions. C. vulgare boasts a storied history of application in treating various ailments, such as gastric ulcers, diabetes, and inflammation, dating back to ancient times. Rigorous research has substantiated its pharmacological properties, revealing its antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihypertensive, and enzyme-inhibitory effects. This comprehensive review provides an insightful overview of the Lamiaceae family, elucidates the extraction methods employed to obtain medicinal compounds, explores the phytoconstituents present in C. vulgare, and systematically details its diverse pharmacological properties. Additionally, the review delves into considerations of toxicity. By synthesizing this wealth of information, this study opens avenues for the potential therapeutic applications of C. vulgare. The practical value of this research lies in its contribution to the understanding of medicinal plants, mainly focusing on the pharmacological potential of C. vulgare. This exploration enriches our knowledge of traditional medicine and paves the way for innovative therapeutic approaches, offering promising prospects for future drug development. As the demand for natural remedies continues to increase, this work provides a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders in herbal medicine and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Ahmad Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Kauppi Campus, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Adil Parvez
- NextGen Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 110092, India
| | - Mohd Masih Uzzaman Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashok Aspatwar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Kauppi Campus, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Akhtar Atiya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University (KKU), Guraiger, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal Osman Elhassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyaz Ahmed Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakkeela Yusuf Erattil Ahammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasi Uzzaman Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Benedec D, Oniga I, Hanganu D, Tiperciuc B, Nistor A, Vlase AM, Vlase L, Pușcaș C, Duma M, Login CC, Niculae M, Silaghi-Dumitrescu R. Stachys Species: Comparative Evaluation of Phenolic Profile and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1644. [PMID: 37998846 PMCID: PMC10669438 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the polyphenolic composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of six Romanian Stachys species: S. officinalis, S. germanica, S. byzantina, S. sylvatica, S. palustris, and S. recta. The LC-MS/MS method was used to analyze the polyphenolic profile, while the phenolic contents were spectrophotometrically determined. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the following methods: DPPH, FRAP, nitrite-induced autooxidation of hemoglobin, inhibition of cytochrome c-catalyzed lipid peroxidation, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The in vitro antimicrobial properties were assessed using agar-well diffusion, broth microdilution, and antibiofilm assays. Fifteen polyphenols were identified using LC-MS and chlorogenic acid was the major component in all the samples (1131.8-6761.4 μg/g). S. germanica, S. palustris, and S. byzantina extracts each displayed an intense antiradical action in relation to high contents of TPC (6.40 mg GAE/mL), flavonoids (3.90 mg RE/mL), and caffeic acid derivatives (0.89 mg CAE/mL). In vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties were exhibited towards Candida albicans, Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, with the most intense efficacy recorded for S. germanica and S. byzantina when tested against S. aureus. These results highlighted Stachys extracts as rich sources of bioactive compounds with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacies and important perspectives for developing phytopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Benedec
- Department of Pharmacognosy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.B.); (I.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Ilioara Oniga
- Department of Pharmacognosy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.B.); (I.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Daniela Hanganu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.B.); (I.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Brîndușa Tiperciuc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 V. Babeş Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Nistor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.B.); (I.O.); (A.N.)
| | - Ana-Maria Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 12 I. Creanga Street, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 41 V. Babeş Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Cristina Pușcaș
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 11 A. Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.P.); (R.S.-D.)
| | - Mihaela Duma
- State Animal Health and Safety Veterinary Laboratory, 1 Piata Marasti Street, 400609 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Cezar Login
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 1 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Niculae
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, 11 A. Janos Street, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (C.P.); (R.S.-D.)
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Ivanova S, Pashova S, Dyankov S, Georgieva Y, Ivanov K, Benbassat N, Koleva N, Bozhkova M, Karcheva-Bahchevanska D. Chemical Composition and Future Perspectives of Essential Oil Obtained from a Wild Population of Stachys germanica L. Distributed in the Balkan Mountains in Bulgaria. Int J Anal Chem 2023; 2023:4275213. [PMID: 37942231 PMCID: PMC10630024 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4275213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stachys germanica L. (Lamiaceae) is a plant associated with a rich history in the traditional medicine of Iran, Turkey, and Serbia. However, researchers have not fully investigated the pharmacological potential of the herb, and scientific data on this plant species are limited. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) obtained from the aerial parts of S. germanica L. growing wild in Bulgaria and to perform a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of EOs obtained from the same plant species from other geographical regions. For the evaluation of the chemical profile of the isolated EO, gas chromatographic analysis with mass spectrometry was performed. The most abundant terpene class was oxygenated monoterpenes, which accounted for 59.30% of the total EO composition. The bicyclic monoterpene camphor, as a compound of this class, was identified as the major constituent in the EO, accounting for 52.96% of the total oil composition. The chemical profile of Bulgarian EO is quite different compared to that of EOs from other regions. It is the only one to contain more than 50% camphor. In addition, EO contains significant amounts of the diterpene geranyl p-cymene (10.49%). This is the first study describing the chemical composition of EO from Bulgarian Stachys germanica L., and our results reveal some future perspectives for the evaluation of the biological activity of EO from the studied plant species as a new therapeutic agent or natural remedy targeting different medical conditions. The EO has a promising potential to be used as a biopesticide and repellent as well, an environmentally friendly and safer alternative to standard pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislava Ivanova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Stela Pashova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Stanislav Dyankov
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Yoana Georgieva
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Kalin Ivanov
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Niko Benbassat
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Nina Koleva
- Medical College, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Maria Bozhkova
- Medical College, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Karcheva-Bahchevanska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Plovdiv, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
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Stegăruș DI, Lengyel E, Apostolescu GF, Botoran OR, Tanase C. Phytochemical Analysis and Biological Activity of Three Stachys Species (Lamiaceae) from Romania. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122710. [PMID: 34961181 PMCID: PMC8709469 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three species of Stachys genus (S. byzantina, S. officinalis, S. sylvatica) were investigated in the present study in terms of aromatic profile and total polyphenol content, as well as antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity. Gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC/FID) was used for exploration of the herbal alcoholic extracts. Using statistical analysis, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total phenolic chemical fingerprints were compared in order to describe differences and identify putative signature traits of the three Stachys species. The results showed that the analyzed Stachys extracts have a total polyphenol content being between 197 ± 0.27 mg GAE/g for S. sylvatica and 232 ± 43 mg GAE/g for S. officinalis. The antioxidant activity was between 444 ± 58 mM Trolox/g (S. sylvatica) and 602 ± 75 mM Trolox/g (S. officinalis). The volatile compounds identified were mostly sesquiterpenes, followed by monoterpenes and secondary compounds. The most abundant in all three species was germacrene D (21.9% 28–25.2%). The multivariate analysis demonstrated the potential of using plant tissue VOC profiles to discriminate between different Stachy species, with a total of 31 VOCs being identified from all three species. Although there were strong similarities among the three species’ VOC profiles, distinctions can be made using chemometric analysis. The microbiological results showed an antimicrobial capacity of all three extracts, especially on Gram-positive bacteria. In addition to increasing consumers’ understanding regarding the health benefits of these Stachy species, this investigation contributes to defining and preserving a precious genetic and cultural-historical biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Ionela Stegăruș
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI Ramnicu Valcea, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania;
| | - Ecaterina Lengyel
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Food Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Doctor Ion Rațiu 7, 550012 Sibiu, Romania;
| | - George Florian Apostolescu
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 2 Petru Rareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Oana Romina Botoran
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI Ramnicu Valcea, 4th Uzinei Street, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania;
- Correspondence: (O.R.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Corneliu Tanase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, Târgu Mureș, 540139 Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence: (O.R.B.); (C.T.)
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Bokić BS, Rat MM, Kladar NV, Anačkov GT, Božin BN. Chemical Diversity of Volatile Compounds of Mints from Southern Part of Pannonian Plain and Balkan Peninsula - New Data. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000211. [PMID: 32469127 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mints are the most popular economic and traditional herbs. The aim of this article was chemical characterization of volatile compounds from wild populations of Mentha aquatica, M. arvensis, M. longifolia, M. microphylla, M. pulegium, M. spicata, M.×dumetorum, M.×gentillis and M.×verticillata, as well as cultivated samples of M. spicata, M.×piperita 'Alba' and M.×piperita 'Crispa'. Analyses were performed directly from dried aerial parts (herb) of collected samples by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In total 54 compounds were detected, representing from 89.99 % to 99.66 % of volatile fractions of all investigated samples. The recorded volatiles were primarily monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes, while oxygenated aromatic monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and aliphatic compounds were present in lower concentrations in analyzed samples. The major components were linalool, limonene, 1,8-cineol, α-terpinyl acetate, pulegone, β-pinene and menthol. The cluster analysis revealed five main groups or chemotypes according to qualitative and quantitative content of volatiles, as well as similarities among samples. These results contribute to the knowledge on the mints chemistry in Pannonian Plain and Balkan Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana S Bokić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milica M Rat
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša V Kladar
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control/Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Goran T Anačkov
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Biljana N Božin
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control/Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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New Rare Ent-Clerodane Diterpene Peroxides from Egyptian Mountain Tea (Qourtom) and Its Chemosystem as Herbal Remedies and Phytonutrients Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092172. [PMID: 32384789 PMCID: PMC7248853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genus Stachys, the largest genera of the family Lamiaceae, and its species are frequently used as herbal teas due to their essential oils. Tubers of some Stachys species are also consumed as important nutrients for humans and animals due to their carbohydrate contents. Three new neo-clerodane diterpene peroxides, named stachaegyptin F-H (1, 2, and 4), together with two known compounds, stachysperoxide (3) and stachaegyptin A (5), were isolated from Stachys aegyptiaca aerial parts. Their structures were determined using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, including HR-FAB-MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR (1H, 13C NMR, DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY) analyses. Additionally, a biosynthetic pathway for the isolated compounds (1-5) was discussed. The chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated diterpenoids of S. aegyptiaca in comparison to the previous reported ones from other Stachys species was also studied.
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