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Li X, Chu Z, Feng C, Song P, Yang T, Zhou L, Zhao X, Chai X, Xing J, Chen S, Zhang J, Wang J, Liu G, Tang H. Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of size-dependent effect of polystyrene micro/nano-plastics on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through proteomic profiling. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142220. [PMID: 38710410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics have become a prevalent environmental pollutant due to widespread release and production. Algae, as primary producers, play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of freshwater environments. Despite reports on the inhibition of microalgae by microplastics, the size-dependent effects on microalgae and associated molecular mechanism remain poorly understood. This study investigates the impacts of three polystyrene micro/nano-plastics (PS-MNPs) with different sizes (100 nm, 350 nm, and 6 μm) and concentrations (25-200 mg/L) on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) throughout its growth period. Results reveal size- and concentration-dependent growth inhibition and induction of oxidative stress by PS-MNPs, with microalgae exhibiting increased vulnerability to smaller-sized and higher-concentration PS-MNPs. Proteomics analysis elucidates the size-dependent suppression of proteins involved in the photosynthesis process by PS-MNPs. Photosynthetic activity assays demonstrate that smaller PS-MNPs more significantly reduce chlorophyll content and the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. Finally, electron microscope and Western blot assays collectively confirm the size effect of PS-MNPs on microalgae growth is attributable to suppressed protein expression rather than shading effects. This study contributes to advancing our understanding of the intricate interactions between micro/nano-plastics and algae at the molecular level, emphasizing the efficacy of proteomics in dissecting the mechanistic aspects of microplastics-induced biological effects on environmental indicator organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Institute of Agricultural Products Preservation and Processing Technology, National Engineering Technology Research Center for Preservation of Agriculture Product, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Zheng Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Chenran Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Ping Song
- Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Tong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Lirun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xin Chai
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jiale Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Sa Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Junzhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; Department of Cardiology, Shenzhen Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Medical Engineering Technology Research and Development Center, and Shenzhen Clinical Research Centre for Geriatrics, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China; State Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Huan Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Yi S, Guo X, Lou W, Mao S, Luan G, Lu X. Structure, Regulation, and Significance of Cyanobacterial and Chloroplast Adenosine Triphosphate Synthase in the Adaptability of Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms. Microorganisms 2024; 12:940. [PMID: 38792770 PMCID: PMC11124002 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts (in algae and plants), ATP synthase plays a pivotal role as a photosynthetic membrane complex responsible for producing ATP from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate, utilizing a proton motive force gradient induced by photosynthesis. These two ATP synthases exhibit similarities in gene organization, amino acid sequences of subunits, structure, and functional mechanisms, suggesting that cyanobacterial ATP synthase is probably the evolutionary precursor to chloroplast ATP synthase. In this review, we explore the precise synthesis and assembly of ATP synthase subunits to address the uneven stoichiometry within the complex during transcription, translation, and assembly processes. We also compare the regulatory strategies governing ATP synthase activity to meet varying energy demands in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts amid fluctuating natural environments. Furthermore, we delve into the role of ATP synthase in stress tolerance and photosynthetic carbon fixation efficiency in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (OPsOs), along with the current researches on modifying ATP synthase to enhance carbon fixation efficiency under stress conditions. This review aims to offer theoretical insights and serve as a reference for understanding the functional mechanisms of ATP synthase, sparking innovative ideas for enhancing photosynthetic carbon fixation efficiency by utilizing ATP synthase as an effective module in OPsOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (X.G.); (G.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (X.G.); (G.L.); (X.L.)
- College of Live Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Lou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (X.G.); (G.L.); (X.L.)
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Shaoming Mao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Guodong Luan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (X.G.); (G.L.); (X.L.)
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (X.G.); (G.L.); (X.L.)
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
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Yang G, Chen T, Fan TT, Lin XY, Cui YQ, Dong WC, An LZ, Zhang H. Cathepsin B degrades RbcL during freezing-induced programmed cell death in Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:81. [PMID: 38418607 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Cathepsin B plays an important role that degrades the Rubisco large subunit RbcL in freezing stress. Programmed cell death (PCD) has been well documented in both development and in response to environmental stresses in plants, however, PCD induced by freezing stress and its molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study, we characterized freezing-induced PCD and explored its mechanisms in Arabidopsis. PCD induced by freezing stress was similar to that induced by other stresses and senescence in Arabidopsis plants with cold acclimation. Inhibitor treatment assays and immunoblotting indicated that cathepsin B mainly contributed to increased caspase-3-like activity during freezing-induced PCD. Cathepsin B was involved in freezing-induced PCD and degraded the large subunit, RbcL, of Rubisco. Our results demonstrate an essential regulatory mechanism of cathepsin B for Rubisco degradation in freezing-induced PCD, improving our understanding of freezing-induced cell death and nitrogen and carbohydrate remobilisation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ting-Ting Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yu-Qiong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei-Chao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Li-Zhe An
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- School of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Chaux F, Jarrige D, Rodrigues-Azevedo M, Bujaldon S, Caspari OD, Ozawa SI, Drapier D, Vallon O, Choquet Y, de Vitry C. Chloroplast ATP synthase biogenesis requires peripheral stalk subunits AtpF and ATPG and stabilization of atpE mRNA by OPR protein MDE1. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1582-1599. [PMID: 37824282 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast ATP synthase contains subunits of plastid and nuclear genetic origin. To investigate the coordinated biogenesis of this complex, we isolated novel ATP synthase mutants in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by screening for high light sensitivity. We report here the characterization of mutants affecting the two peripheral stalk subunits b and b', encoded respectively by the atpF and ATPG genes, and of three independent mutants which identify the nuclear factor MDE1, required to stabilize the chloroplast-encoded atpE mRNA. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a transposon insertion in the 3'UTR of ATPG while mass spectrometry shows a small accumulation of functional ATP synthase in this knock-down ATPG mutant. In contrast, knock-out ATPG mutants, obtained by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, fully prevent ATP synthase function and accumulation, as also observed in an atpF frame-shift mutant. Crossing ATP synthase mutants with the ftsh1-1 mutant of the major thylakoid protease identifies AtpH as an FTSH substrate, and shows that FTSH significantly contributes to the concerted accumulation of ATP synthase subunits. In mde1 mutants, the absence of atpE transcript fully prevents ATP synthase biogenesis and photosynthesis. Using chimeric atpE genes to rescue atpE transcript accumulation, we demonstrate that MDE1, a novel octotricopeptide repeat (OPR) protein, genetically targets the atpE 5'UTR. In the perspective of the primary endosymbiosis (~1.5 Gy), the recruitment of MDE1 to its atpE target exemplifies a nucleus/chloroplast interplay that evolved rather recently, in the ancestor of the CS clade of Chlorophyceae, ~300 My ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Chaux
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Domitille Jarrige
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marcio Rodrigues-Azevedo
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Bujaldon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Oliver D Caspari
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ozawa
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Drapier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Vallon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Yves Choquet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Catherine de Vitry
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Sorbonne Université, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005, Paris, France
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Vega M, Quintero-Corrales C, Mastretta-Yanes A, Casas A, López-Hilario V, Wegier A. Multiple domestication events explain the origin of Gossypium hirsutum landraces in Mexico. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9838. [PMID: 36911302 PMCID: PMC9994486 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Several Mesoamerican crops constitute wild-to-domesticated complexes generated by multiple initial domestication events, and continuous gene flow among crop populations and between these populations and their wild relatives. It has been suggested that the domestication of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) started in the northwest of the Yucatán Peninsula, from where it spread to other regions inside and outside of Mexico. We tested this hypothesis by assembling chloroplast genomes of 23 wild, landraces, and breeding lines (transgene-introgressed and conventional). The phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolutionary history of cotton in Mexico involves multiple events of introgression and genetic divergence. From this, we conclude that Mexican landraces arose from multiple wild populations. Our results also revealed that their structural and functional chloroplast organizations had been preserved. However, genetic diversity decreases as a consequence of domestication, mainly in transgene-introgressed (TI) individuals (π = 0.00020, 0.00001, 0.00016, 0, and 0, of wild, TI-wild, landraces, TI-landraces, and breeding lines, respectively). We identified homologous regions that differentiate wild from domesticated plants and indicate a relationship among the samples. A decrease in genetic diversity associated with transgene introgression in cotton was identified for the first time, and our outcomes are therefore relevant to both biosecurity and agrobiodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Vega
- Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Christian Quintero-Corrales
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico.,Departamento de Botánica Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Alicia Mastretta-Yanes
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) Ciudad de México Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) Programa de Investigadores e Investigadoras por México Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Alejandro Casas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Morelia Mexico
| | | | - Ana Wegier
- Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México Mexico
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Sakuraba Y. Molecular basis of nitrogen starvation-induced leaf senescence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1013304. [PMID: 36212285 PMCID: PMC9538721 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1013304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), a macronutrient, is often a limiting factor in plant growth, development, and productivity. To adapt to N-deficient environments, plants have developed elaborate N starvation responses. Under N-deficient conditions, older leaves exhibit yellowing, owing to the degradation of proteins and chlorophyll pigments in chloroplasts and subsequent N remobilization from older leaves to younger leaves and developing organs to sustain plant growth and productivity. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on N starvation-induced leaf senescence as one of the representative plant responses to N deficiency, revealing that leaf senescence induced by N deficiency is highly complex and intricately regulated at different levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, post-translational and metabolic levels, by multiple genes and proteins. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms associated with N starvation-induced leaf senescence.
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Zou Y, Bozhkov PV. Chlamydomonas proteases: classification, phylogeny, and molecular mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7680-7693. [PMID: 34468747 PMCID: PMC8643629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases can regulate myriad biochemical pathways by digesting or processing target proteins. While up to 3% of eukaryotic genes encode proteases, only a tiny fraction of proteases are mechanistically understood. Furthermore, most of the current knowledge about proteases is derived from studies of a few model organisms, including Arabidopsis thaliana in the case of plants. Proteases in other plant model systems are largely unexplored territory, limiting our mechanistic comprehension of post-translational regulation in plants and hampering integrated understanding of how proteolysis evolved. We argue that the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has a number of technical and biological advantages for systematic studies of proteases, including reduced complexity of many protease families and ease of cell phenotyping. With this end in view, we share a genome-wide inventory of proteolytic enzymes in Chlamydomonas, compare the protease degradomes of Chlamydomonas and Arabidopsis, and consider the phylogenetic relatedness of Chlamydomonas proteases to major taxonomic groups. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of the biochemical regulation and physiological roles of proteases in this algal model. We anticipate that our survey will promote and streamline future research on Chlamydomonas proteases, generating new insights into proteolytic mechanisms and the evolution of digestive and limited proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zou
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter V Bozhkov
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Wang N, Wang Y, Zhao Q, Zhang X, Peng C, Zhang W, Liu Y, Vallon O, Schroda M, Cong Y, Liu C. The cryo-EM structure of the chloroplast ClpP complex. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:1505-1515. [PMID: 34782772 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein homoeostasis in plastids is strategically regulated by the protein quality control system involving multiple chaperones and proteases, among them the Clp protease. Here, we determined the structure of the chloroplast ClpP complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by cryo-electron microscopy. ClpP contains two heptameric catalytic rings without any symmetry. The top ring contains one ClpR6, three ClpP4 and three ClpP5 subunits while the bottom ring is composed of three ClpP1C subunits and one each of the ClpR1-4 subunits. ClpR3, ClpR4 and ClpT4 subunits connect the two rings and stabilize the complex. The chloroplast Cpn11/20/23 co-chaperonin, a co-factor of Cpn60, forms a cap on the top of ClpP by protruding mobile loops into hydrophobic clefts at the surface of the top ring. The co-chaperonin repressed ClpP proteolytic activity in vitro. By regulating Cpn60 chaperone and ClpP protease activity, the co-chaperonin may play a role in coordinating protein folding and degradation in the chloroplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Olivier Vallon
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Michael Schroda
- Molecular Biotechnology & Systems Biology, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yao Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Center for Protein Science Shanghai, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Cuimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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9
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Introduction of a leaky stop codon as molecular tool in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237405. [PMID: 32817702 PMCID: PMC7440625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of proteins in the chloroplast or mitochondria of the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can be achieved by directly inserting transgenes into organellar genomes, or through nuclear expression and post-translational import. A number of tools have been developed in the literature for achieving high expression levels from the nuclear genome despite messy genomic integration and widespread silencing of transgenes. Here, recent advances in the field are combined and two systems of bicistronic expression, based on ribosome reinitiation or ribosomal skip induced by a viral 2A sequence, are compared side-by-side. Further, the small subunit of Rubisco (RBCS) was developed as a functional nuclear reporter for successful chloroplast import and restoration of photosynthesis: To be able to combine RBCS with a Venus fluorescent reporter without compromising photosynthetic activity, a leaky stop codon is introduced as a novel molecular tool that allows the simultaneous expression of functional and fluorescently tagged versions of the protein from a single construct.
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