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Saini RK, Ahn HY, Park GW, Shin JW, Lee JH, Yu JW, Song MH, Keum YS, Lee JH. Quantitative Profiling of Carotenoids, Tocopherols, Phytosterols, and Fatty Acids in the Flower Petals of Ten Marigold ( Tagetes spp. L.) Cultivars. Foods 2023; 12:3549. [PMID: 37835202 PMCID: PMC10572322 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Marigold (Tagetes spp.) flower petals are the most vital sources of carotenoids, especially lutein esters, for the production of natural lutein to use for food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. Several marigold cultivars are cultivated globally; however, their lutein ester composition and contents have not been widely investigated. Considering this, this study aimed to identify and quantify prominent carotenoid esters from the flower petals of ten marigold cultivars by liquid chromatography (LC)-diode-array detection (DAD)-mass spectrometry (MS). In addition, tocopherols, phytosterols, and fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) and GC-MS. Furthermore, the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging abilities of lipophilic extracts were determined. The total carotenoid contents varied significantly (p < 0. 05, Tukey HSD) among cultivars, ranging from 25.62 (cv. Alaska)-2723.11 µg/g fresh weight (cv. Superboy Orange). Among the five major lutein-diesters, (all-E)-lutein-3-O-myristate-3'-O-palmitate and lutein dipalmitate were predominant. Among the studied cultivars, α-tocopherol was recorded, ranging from 167.91 (cv. Superboy Yellow) to 338.50 µg/g FW (cv. Taishan Orange). Among phytosterols, β-sitosterol was the most prevalent phytosterol, ranging between 127.08 (cv. Superboy Yellow) and 191.99 µg/g FW (cv. Taishan Yellow). Palmitic acid (C16:0; 33.36-47.43%) was the most dominant among the fatty acids. In this study, the highest contents of lutein were recorded from cv. Superboy Orange; however, due to the substantially higher flower petal yield, the cv. Durango Red can produce the highest lutein yield of 94.45 kg/ha. These observations suggest that cv. Durango Red and cv. Superboy Orange are the ideal candidates for lutein fortification in foods and also for commercial lutein extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Crop Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; (R.K.S.); (H.-Y.A.); (G.-W.P.); (J.-W.S.); (J.-H.L.); (J.-W.Y.); (M.-H.S.); (Y.-S.K.)
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Papapostolou H, Kachrimanidou V, Alexandri M, Plessas S, Papadaki A, Kopsahelis N. Natural Carotenoids: Recent Advances on Separation from Microbial Biomass and Methods of Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051030. [PMID: 37237896 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotechnologically produced carotenoids occupy an important place in the scientific research. Owing to their role as natural pigments and their high antioxidant properties, microbial carotenoids have been proposed as alternatives to their synthetic counterparts. To this end, many studies are focusing on their efficient and sustainable production from renewable substrates. Besides the development of an efficient upstream process, their separation and purification as well as their analysis from the microbial biomass confers another important aspect. Currently, the use of organic solvents constitutes the main extraction process; however, environmental concerns along with potential toxicity towards human health necessitate the employment of "greener" techniques. Hence, many research groups are focusing on applying emerging technologies such as ultrasounds, microwaves, ionic liquids or eutectic solvents for the separation of carotenoids from microbial cells. This review aims to summarize the progress on both the biotechnological production of carotenoids and the methods for their effective extraction. In the framework of circular economy and sustainability, the focus is given on green recovery methods targeting high-value applications such as novel functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Finally, methods for carotenoids identification and quantification are also discussed in order to create a roadmap for successful carotenoids analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harris Papapostolou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | | | - Maria Alexandri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | - Stavros Plessas
- Laboratory of Food Processing, Faculty of Agriculture Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestiada, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Papadaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kopsahelis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ionian University, 28100 Argostoli, Greece
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3
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Quinty V, Colas C, Nasreddine R, Nehmé R, Piot C, Draye M, Destandau E, Da Silva D, Chatel G. Screening and Evaluation of Dermo-Cosmetic Activities of the Invasive Plant Species Polygonum cuspidatum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:83. [PMID: 36616211 PMCID: PMC9823685 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polygonum cuspidatum (P. cuspidatum) is among the world's most problematic invasive plant species with negative ecological, socio-economic and security consequences. Management operations in areas invaded systematically generate a large quantity of plant waste, most often without outlets. Using this plant material could constitute a new alternative treatment for sustainable management. P. cuspidatum is well known to have numerous biological properties, containing notably stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids and phenolic acids. The present work proposes a reliable strategy using powerful techniques for the screening and the evaluation of the dermo-cosmetic potential of its aerial parts (AP) and root parts (RP). To the best of our knowledge, only antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities were previously evaluated on P. cuspidatum among the targets studied (superoxide dismutase, hyaluronidase, elastase, collagenase and tyrosinase). The results revealed strong antioxidant and anti-collagenase activities, moderate anti-hyaluronidase activity, while weak anti-elastase and anti-tyrosinase activities were observed for ethanolic extracts. Different standards selected and screened on the same targets made it possible to correlate the observed residual activities of produced extracts of P. cuspidatum from Savoie Mont Blanc and their chemical compositions. A structure-activity study was thus conducted on main molecular families, widely represented in the genus Polygonum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanille Quinty
- EDYTEM, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, 73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Cyril Colas
- ICOA, CNRS—UMR 7311 BP 6759, Univ. Orléans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
- CBM, CNRS—UPR 4301, Univ. Orléans, CEDEX 2, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Rouba Nasreddine
- ICOA, CNRS—UMR 7311 BP 6759, Univ. Orléans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Reine Nehmé
- ICOA, CNRS—UMR 7311 BP 6759, Univ. Orléans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Christine Piot
- EDYTEM, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, 73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Micheline Draye
- EDYTEM, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, 73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Emilie Destandau
- ICOA, CNRS—UMR 7311 BP 6759, Univ. Orléans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - David Da Silva
- ICOA, CNRS—UMR 7311 BP 6759, Univ. Orléans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Gregory Chatel
- EDYTEM, CNRS, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, 73000 Chambéry, France
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Anthocyanins, Carotenoids and Chlorophylls in Edible Plant Leaves Unveiled by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131924. [PMID: 35804744 PMCID: PMC9265259 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural pigments are a quite relevant group of molecules that are widely distributed in nature, possessing a significant role in our daily lives. Besides their colors, natural pigments are currently recognized as having relevant biological properties associated with health benefits, such as anti-tumor, anti-atherogenicity, anti-aging and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. Some of these compounds are easily associated with specific fruits (such as blueberries with anthocyanins, red pitaya with betalain or tomato with lycopene), vegetables (carrots with carotenoids), plant leaves (chlorophylls in green leaves or carotenoids in yellow and red autumn leaves) and even the muscle tissue of vertebrates (such as myoglobin). Despite being less popular as natural pigment sources, edible plant leaves possess a high variety of chlorophylls, as well as a high variety of carotenoids and anthocyanins. The purpose of this review is to critically analyze the whole workflow employed to identify and quantify the most common natural pigments (anthocyanin, carotenoids and chlorophylls) in edible plant leaves using tandem mass spectrometry. Across the literature there, is a lack of consistency in the methods used to extract and analyze these compounds, and this review aims to surpass this issue. Additionally, mass spectrometry has stood out in the context of metabolomics, currently being a widely employed technique in this field. For the three pigments classes, the following steps will be scrutinized: (i) sample pre-preparation, including the solvents and extraction conditions; (ii) details of the chromatographic separation and mass spectrometry experiments (iii) pigment identification and quantification.
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Metličar V, Albreht A. Esterification of Lutein from Japanese Knotweed Waste Gives a Range of Lutein Diester Products with Unique Chemical Stability. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:6072-6081. [PMID: 35571524 PMCID: PMC9093092 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A valorization strategy for an aggravating type of plant waste is put to the test herein. It envisions the use of Japanese knotweed green leaves as a sustainable source of free lutein, from which bioactive diesters could be prepared as potential value-added products with improved properties. To this end, 13 structurally distinct model lutein diesters were synthesized and the relationships between their structure and stability were systematically determined. The forced degradation data show that the stability of a particular lutein diester may depend to a large extent on the type of exposure (elevated temperature, light, oxidant, or acidic environment) and, more importantly, not every esterification attempt necessarily leads to an enhancement of lutein's chemical stability. However, three branched and bulky products-lutein di(2,2-dimethylpropanoate), lutein di(2-methylpropanoate), and lutein di(3-methylbutanoate)-proved to be particularly relevant, as they consistently exhibited 1.5-21-fold higher stability compared to free lutein, regardless of the stress conditions used. Finally, we show that the Japanese knotweed plant matrix had a significant negative or positive effect on pigment degradation kinetics that could not be easily predicted. Thus, the proposed valorization strategy is quite feasible, but the esterification approach should be tailored to the intended use of a lutein diester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Metličar
- Laboratory
for Food Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Alen Albreht
- Laboratory
for Food Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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6
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Cucu AA, Baci GM, Dezsi Ş, Nap ME, Beteg FI, Bonta V, Bobiş O, Caprio E, Dezmirean DS. New Approaches on Japanese Knotweed ( Fallopia japonica) Bioactive Compounds and Their Potential of Pharmacological and Beekeeping Activities: Challenges and Future Directions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2621. [PMID: 34961091 PMCID: PMC8705504 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Known especially for its negative ecological impact, Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) is now considered one of the most invasive species. Nevertheless, its chemical composition has shown, beyond doubt, some high biological active compounds that can be a source of valuable pharmacological potential for the enhancement of human health. In this direction, resveratrol, emodin or polydatin, to name a few, have been extensively studied to demonstrate the beneficial effects on animals and humans. Thus, by taking into consideration the recent advances in the study of Japanese knotweed and its phytochemical constituents, the aim of this article is to provide an overview on the high therapeutic potential, underlining its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, among the most important ones. Moreover, we describe some future directions for reducing the negative impact of Fallopia japonica by using the plant for its beekeeping properties in providing a distinct honey type that incorporates most of its bioactive compounds, with the same health-promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Antonia Cucu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-A.C.); (G.-M.B.); (V.B.); (D.S.D.)
| | - Gabriela-Maria Baci
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-A.C.); (G.-M.B.); (V.B.); (D.S.D.)
| | - Ştefan Dezsi
- Faculty of Geography, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mircea-Emil Nap
- Faculty of Geodesy, Technical University of Civil Engineering Bucharest, 020396 Bucharest, Romania;
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florin Ioan Beteg
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Victoriţa Bonta
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-A.C.); (G.-M.B.); (V.B.); (D.S.D.)
| | - Otilia Bobiş
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-A.C.); (G.-M.B.); (V.B.); (D.S.D.)
| | - Emilio Caprio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Università, Portici, 100-80055 Naples, Italy;
| | - Daniel Severus Dezmirean
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-A.C.); (G.-M.B.); (V.B.); (D.S.D.)
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Rapoport A, Guzhova I, Bernetti L, Buzzini P, Kieliszek M, Kot AM. Carotenoids and Some Other Pigments from Fungi and Yeasts. Metabolites 2021; 11:92. [PMID: 33561985 PMCID: PMC7915786 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are an essential group of compounds that may be obtained by microbiological synthesis. They are instrumental in various areas of industry, medicine, agriculture, and ecology. The increase of carotenoids' demand at the global market is now essential. At the moment, the production of natural carotenoids is more expensive than obtaining their synthetic forms, but several new approaches/directions on how to decrease this difference were developed during the last decades. This review briefly describes the information accumulated until now about the beneficial effects of carotenoids on human health protection, their possible application in the treatments of various diseases, and their use in the food and feed industry. This review also describes some issues that are linked with biotechnological production of fungal and yeasts carotenoids, as well as new approaches/directions to make their biotechnological production more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rapoport
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 1-537, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Irina Guzhova
- Laboratory of Cell Protective Mechanisms, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Avenue 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Lorenzo Bernetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences and Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences and Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Maria Kot
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
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Glavnik V, Vovk I. Extraction of Anthraquinones from Japanese Knotweed Rhizomes and Their Analyses by High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:plants9121753. [PMID: 33322304 PMCID: PMC7764617 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anthraquinones (yellow dyes) were extracted from Japanese knotweed rhizomes with twelve extraction solvents (water; ethanol(aq) (20%, 40%, 60%, 70% and 80%), ethanol, 70% methanol(aq), methanol, 70% acetone(aq), acetone and dichloromethane). The obtained sample test solutions (STSs) were analyzed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to densitometry and mass spectrometry (HPTLC-MS/MS) on HPTLC silica gel plates. Identical qualitative densitometric profiles (with anthraquinone aglycones and glycosylated anthraquinones) were obtained for STSs in all the solvents except for the STS in dichloromethane, which enabled the most selective extractions of anthraquinone aglycones emodin and physcion. The highest extraction efficiency, evaluated by comparison of the total peak areas in the densitograms of all STSs scanned at 442 nm, was achieved for 70% acetone(aq). In STS prepared with 70% acetone(aq), the separation of non-glycosylated and glycosylated anthraquinones was achieved with developing solvents toluene-acetone-formic acid (6:6:1, 3:6:1 and 3:3:1 v/v) and dichloromethane-acetone-formic acid (1:1:0.1, v/v). Non-glycosylated anthraquinones were separated only with toluene-acetone-formic acid, among which the best resolution between emodin and physcion gave the ratio 6:6:1 (v/v). This solvent and dichloromethane-acetone-formic acid (1:1:0.1, v/v) enabled the best separation of glycosylated anthraquinones. Four HPTLC-MS/MS methods enabled the identification of emodin and tentative identification of its three glycosylated analogs (emodin-8-O-hexoside, emodin-O-acetyl-hexoside and emodin-O-malonyl-hexoside), while only the HPTLC-MS/MS method with toluene-acetone-formic acid (6:6:1, v/v) enabled the identification of physcion. Changes of the shapes and the absorption maxima (bathochromic shifts) in the absorption spectra after post-chromatographic derivatization provided additional proof for the detection of physcion and rejection of the presence of chrysophanol in STS.
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Mahmoud Hamdy AEA, Mohamed Salah K. Antiviral and Antinematodal potentials of chitosan: Review. JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 4:055-059. [DOI: 10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
For many years, chemical pesticides have been performed to control different pests and diseases and this may be due to their broad spectrum of action, easy of application and the relatively low cost. But these chemicals have environmental risks, thus alternative control agents are needed. Chitosan is one of the novel suggested solutions to reduce the economic losses associated with chemical pesticides. Chitosan is naturally-occurring compound, as well as safe and biodegradable which obtained from certain natural sources. Chitosan have unique properties which help to control viruses, bacteria, fungi, insects, plant nematodes and other pests locally and systemically.
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Pogačnik L, Bergant T, Skrt M, Poklar Ulrih N, Viktorová J, Ruml T. In Vitro Comparison of the Bioactivities of Japanese and Bohemian Knotweed Ethanol Extracts. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050544. [PMID: 32365900 PMCID: PMC7278624 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Knotweed is a flowering plant that is native to temperate and subtropical regions in the northern hemisphere. We evaluated Japanese (Reynoutria japonica Houtt.) and Bohemian (Fallopia x bohemica) knotweed rhizome and flower ethanol extracts and compared them in terms of their biological activities. The specific polyphenols were identified and quantified using HPLC/DAD, and the antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenly-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cellular antioxidant capacity assays. The anticancer activity was evaluated as the difference between the cytotoxicity to cancer cells compared with control cells. The antimicrobial activity was determined using bacteria and yeast. The antidiabetic activity was tested as the ability of the extracts to inhibit α-amylase. Both rhizome extracts were sources of polyphenols, particularly polydatin and (-)-epicatechin; however, the cellular assay showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the flower extract of F. bohemica. The PaTu cell line was the least sensitive toward all knotweed extracts. The flower extracts of both species were less toxic than the rhizomes. However, the activity of the tested extracts was not specific for cancer cells, indicating a rather toxic mode of action. Furthermore, all used extracts decreased the α-amylase activity, and the rhizome extracts were more effective than the flower extracts. None of the extracts inhibited bacterial growth; however, they inhibited yeast growth. The results confirmed that rhizomes of Reynoutria japonica Houtt. could become a new source of bioactive compounds, which could be used for the co-treatment of diabetes and as antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Pogačnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.B.); (M.S.); (N.P.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-3203781
| | - Tina Bergant
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.B.); (M.S.); (N.P.U.)
| | - Mihaela Skrt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.B.); (M.S.); (N.P.U.)
| | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.B.); (M.S.); (N.P.U.)
- The Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jitka Viktorová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3, Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (T.R.)
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 3, Prague 6, Czech Republic; (J.V.); (T.R.)
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11
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Li C, Ji J, Wang G, Li Z, Wang Y, Fan Y. Over-Expression of LcPDS, LcZDS, and LcCRTISO, Genes From Wolfberry for Carotenoid Biosynthesis, Enhanced Carotenoid Accumulation, and Salt Tolerance in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:119. [PMID: 32174932 PMCID: PMC7054348 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
It is of great importance to combine stress tolerance and plant quality for breeding research. In this study, the role of phytoene desaturase (PDS), ζ-carotene desaturase (ZDS) and carotene isomerase (CRTISO) in the carotenoid biosynthesis are correlated and compared. The three genes were derived from Lycium chinenses and involved in the desaturation of tetraterpene. Their over-expression significantly increased carotenoid accumulation and enhanced photosynthesis and salt tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Up-regulation of almost all the genes involved in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and only significant down-regulation of lycopene ε-cyclase (ε-LCY) gene were detected in those transgenic plants. Under salt stress, proline content, and activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased, whereas malonaldehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulated less in the transgenic plants. The genes encoding ascorbate peroxidase (APX), CAT, POD, SOD, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) were shown to responsive up-regulated significantly under the salt stress in the transgenic plants. This study indicated that LcPDS, LcZDS, and LcCRTISO have the potential to improve carotenoid content and salt tolerance in higher plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhaodi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yajun Fan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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12
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Interference of oleamide with analytical and bioassay results. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2163. [PMID: 32034225 PMCID: PMC7005802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During sample preparation and analysis, samples are coming in contact with different labware materials. By four unrelated analytical (phytochemical and pharmaceutical) case-studies and employing different analytical techniques, we demonstrated the potential misinterpretation of analytical results due to the use of contaminants-leaching labware during sample handling. Oleamide, a common polymer lubricant and a bioactive compound, was identified as a main analytical interference, leaching from different labware items into solvents, recognised as chemically compatible with the tested polymer material. Moreover, anti-inflammatory effect of oleamide at 100 μg mL−1 and considerable pro-inflammatory effect of the plastic syringe extractables (containing oleamide) at the same level were shown in a TLR4-based bioassay. Taking these results into account, together with the fact that oleamide can be a compound of natural origin, we would like to notify the professional public regarding the possible erroneous oleamide-related analytical and bioassay results due to the use of oleamide-leaching labware. Researchers are alerted to double check the real source of oleamide (labware or natural extract), which will prevent further reporting of false results. Analysis of procedural blanks with de-novo developed UHPLC-ESI-MS method is, among some other strategies, proposed for detection of oleamide interference and avoidance of misleading results of certain analyses.
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Bensa M, Glavnik V, Vovk I. Leaves of Invasive Plants-Japanese, Bohemian and Giant Knotweed-The Promising New Source of Flavan-3-ols and Proanthocyanidins. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010118. [PMID: 31963589 PMCID: PMC7020164 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report on identification of all B-type proanthocyanidins from monomers to decamers (monomers—flavan-3-ols, dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, nonamers, and decamers) and some of their gallates in leaves of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica Houtt.), giant knotweed (Fallopia sachalinensis F. Schmidt) and Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica (Chrtek & Chrtkova) J.P. Bailey). Flavan-3-ols and proanthocyanidins were investigated using high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled to densitometry, image analysis, and mass spectrometry (HPTLC–MS/MS). All species contained (−)-epicatechin and procyanidin B2, while (+)-catechin was only detected in Bohemian and giant knotweed. (−)-Epicatechin gallate, procyanidin B1 and procyanidin C1 was only confirmed in giant knotweed. Leaves of all three knotweeds have the same chemical profiles of proanthocyanidins with respect to the degree of polymerization but differ with respect to gallates. Therefore, chromatographic fingerprint profiles of proanthocyanidins enabled differentiation among leaves of studied knotweeds, and between Japanese knotweed leaves and rhizomes. Leaves of all three species proved to be a rich source of proanthocyanidins (based on the total peak areas), with the highest content in giant and the lowest in Japanese knotweed. The contents of monomers in Japanese, Bohemian and giant knotweed were 0.84 kg/t of dry weight (DW), 1.39 kg/t DW, 2.36 kg/t, respectively, while the contents of dimers were 0.99 kg/t DW, 1.40 kg/t, 2.06 kg/t, respectively. Giant knotweed leaves showed the highest variety of gallates (dimer gallates, dimer digallates, trimer gallates, tetramer gallates, pentamer gallates, and hexamer gallates), while only monomer gallates and dimer gallates were confirmed in Japanese knotweed and monomer gallates, dimer gallates, and dimer digallates were detected in leaves of Bohemian knotweed. The profile of the Bohemian knotweed clearly showed the traits inherited from Japanese and giant knotweed from which it originated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Bensa
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vesna Glavnik
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (I.V.); Tel.: +386-1476-0265 (V.G); +386-1476-0341 (I.V.)
| | - Irena Vovk
- Department of Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (V.G.); (I.V.); Tel.: +386-1476-0265 (V.G); +386-1476-0341 (I.V.)
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