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Maldonado YE, Malagón O, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. A new leaf essential oil from the Andean species Gynoxys szyszylowiczii Hieron. of southern Ecuador: chemical and enantioselective analyses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16360. [PMID: 39014058 PMCID: PMC11252159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The essential oil obtained from the dry leaves of Gynoxys szyszylowiczii Hieron. was described in this study for the first time. The chemical analysis, conducted on two stationary phases of different polarity, permitted to identify sixty-four compounds, that were quantified with at least one column. The main components, on a non-polar and polar stationary phase respectively, were germacrene D (21.6-19.2%), α-pinene (4.4-4.9%), n-tricosane (4.3% on both columns), (E)-β-caryophyllene (3.3-4.3%), 1-docosene (3.2-2.8%), α-cadinol (2.8-3.1%), and cis-β-guaiene (2.6-3.0%). This investigation was complemented by the enantioselective analysis of some major chiral compounds, carried out on two chiral selectors based on β-cyclodextrines. As a result, (S)-( +)-α-phellandrene, (S)-( +)-β-phellandrene, and (1S,2R,6R,7R,8R)-( +)-α-copaene appeared enantiomerically pure, whereas α-pinene, β-pinene, terpinen-4-ol, and germacrene D were detected as scalemic mixtures. Finally, linalool was practically racemic. The distillation yield, analytically calculated by weight of dry plant material, was 0.03%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessenia E Maldonado
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja, 110107, Ecuador
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107, Loja, Ecuador.
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Maldonado Y, Betancourt EA, León ES, Malagón O, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. New Essential Oils from Ecuadorian Gynoxys cuicochensis Cuatrec. and Gynoxys sancti-antonii Cuatrec. Chemical Compositions and Enantioselective Analyses. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:25902-25913. [PMID: 38911796 PMCID: PMC11191102 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The present study belonged to an unfunded project, dealing on the systematic description of unprecedented essential oils (EOs), distilled from 12 species of genus Gynoxys Cuatrec. In this very case, the aim was the first chemical and enantiomeric analyses of two volatile fractions, obtained from the leaves of Gynoxys cuicochensis Cuatrec. and Gynoxys sancti-antonii Cuatrec. These EOs were analyzed by GC-MS (qualitatively) and GC-FID (quantitatively), detecting 89 and 60 components from G. cuicochensis and G. sancti-antonii, respectively. Major components for G. cuicochensis EO, on a nonpolar and polar stationary phase, were α-pinene (29.4-29.6%), p-vinylguaiacol (3.3-3.6%), and germacrene D (20.8-19.9%). In G. sancti-antonii EO, the main compounds were α-pinene (3.0-2.9%), β-pinene (12.9-12.1%), γ-curcumene (19.7-18.3%), germacrene D (9.0% on the polar phase), ar-curcumene (5.3% on the polar phase), δ-cadinene (4.1-4.6%), α-muurolol (3.3-2.4%), α-cadinol (3.0% on both columns), and an undetermined compound, of molecular weight 220. In addition to chemical composition, the enantioselective analysis of the main chiral compounds was carried out on two different chiral selectors. In G. cuicochensis EO, (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene, (S)-(+)-β-phellandrene, (R)-(-)-piperitone, and (S)-(-)-germacrene D were enantiomerically pure, whereas β-pinene, sabinene, α-phellandrene, limonene, linalool, and terpinen-4-ol were observed as scalemic mixtures. On the other hand, in G. sancti-antonii EO, the pure enantiomers were (1S,5S)-(-)-α-pinene, (1R,5R)-(+)-sabinene, (R)-(-)-β-phellandrene, (S)-(-)-limonene, (1S,2R,6R,7R,8R)-(+)-α-copaene, (R)-(-)-terpinen-4-ol, and (S)-(-)-germacrene D, whereas β-pinene, linalool, and α-terpineol were present as scalemic mixtures. The principal component analysis demonstrated that G. cuicochensis volatile fraction was quite similar to many of the other EOs of the same genus, whereas G. sancti-antonii produced the most dissimilar EO. Furthermore, the enantioselective analyses showed the usual variable enantiomeric distribution, with a greater presence of enantiomerically pure compounds in G. sancti-antonii EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessenia
E. Maldonado
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Técnica
Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107 Loja, Ecuador
| | - Evelin A. Betancourt
- Carrera
de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad
Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107 Loja, Ecuador
| | - Erika S. León
- Carrera
de Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad
Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107 Loja, Ecuador
| | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Técnica
Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107 Loja, Ecuador
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento
de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Técnica
Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107 Loja, Ecuador
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Maldonado Y, Montalván M, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses of an Unprecedented Essential Oil from Ecuadorian Aiouea montana: A Natural Source of S-Methyl-O-2-phenylethyl Carbonothioate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26495-26502. [PMID: 38911773 PMCID: PMC11191072 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Fresh and dry leaves of Aiouea montana (Sw.) R. Rohde (Lauraceae) produced, in a quite high yield (0.88% and 1.60%, respectively), an unpleasantly smelling essential oil. The chemical composition was described in this study for the first time, detecting and quantifying 48 compounds. Major components of fresh and dry leaf essential oils were α-pinene (6.7-10.3%), β-pinene (2.8-3.8%), α-phellandrene (12.6-14.5%), α-copaene (3.1-15.7%), δ-cadinene (0.9-3.3%), and S-methyl-O-2-phenylethyl carbonothioate (58.5-33.3%). The dominant compound was already known in the literature by synthesis; however, it was unprecedented so far in nature. The carbonothioate was identified after purification and structure elucidation, by means of mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and FTIR spectrophotometry. The spectral results were identical to all data reported in the literature for the same molecule. Furthermore, the enantioselective analysis of the essential oil was conducted on a β-cyclodextrin-based stationary phase. Two chiral constituents, (+)-β-phellandrene and (1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-(-)-α-copaene, were enantiomerically pure, whereas α-thujene, camphene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, limonene, linalool, and germacrene D were scalemic mixtures. The different chemical and enantiomeric compositions suggested that enzymatic transformations could occur while drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessenia
E. Maldonado
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Técnica
Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Mayra Montalván
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Técnica
Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento
de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Técnica
Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
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Maldonado YE, Malagón O, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. A new essential oil from the native Ecuadorian species Steiractinia sodiroi (Hieron.) S.F. Blake (Asteraceae): chemical and enantioselective analyses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17180. [PMID: 37821569 PMCID: PMC10567715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the essential oil from dry leaves of Steiractinia sodiroi (Hieron.) S.F. Blake is described for the first time. The plant material, collected in the Province of Loja (Ecuador), was analytically steam-distilled in a Marcusson-type apparatus, affording an essential oil with a 0.2 ± 0.12% yield. The volatile fraction was submitted to GC-MS and GC-FID analyses, on two stationary phases of different polarity. A total of sixty-seven compounds, corresponding to 95.6-91.2% by weight of the whole oil mass, on the two columns respectively, were detected and quantified with at least one column. The quantification was carried out calculating the relative response factors of each constituent according to their combustion enthalpy. The major components were limonene (25.6-24.9%), sabinene (11.7-12.4%), germacrene D (7.7-7.0%), α-pinene (7.8-6.9%), δ-cadinene (7.3-7.0%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (4.8-4.5%), and bicyclogermacrene (3.6-3.0%). The chemical composition was complemented with the enantioselective analysis of some major chiral compounds, conducted by means of two β-cyclodextrin-based capillary columns. Three constituents, (S)-(+)-α-phellandrene, (R)-(-)-1-octen-3-ol, and (S)-(-)-limonene were enantiomerically pure, whereas (1R,5R)-(+)-β-pinene, (1S,5S)-(-)-sabinene, (R)-(-)-terpinen-4-ol, (R)-(+)-α-terpineol, and (R)-(+)-germacrene D presented an enantiomeric excess. Finally, α-pinene was present as a racemic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessenia E Maldonado
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, 110107, Loja, Ecuador.
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Gilardoni G, Enríquez AA, Maldonado YE, Cumbicus N, Malagón O. A New Essential Oil from the Native Andean Species Nectandra laurel Klotzsch ex Nees of Southern Ecuador: Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3331. [PMID: 37765496 PMCID: PMC10536180 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of Nectandra laurel Klotzsch ex Nees, belonging to the family, Lauraceae, were collected in the province of Loja (Ecuador), dried, and analytically steam-distilled. An unprecedented essential oil was obtained, with a 0.03% yield by weight of dry plant material. The volatile fraction was submitted to qualitative (GC-MS) and quantitative (GC-FID) chemical analysis, on two orthogonal stationary phases. Seventy-eight compounds were detected and quantified on at least one column. The essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (53.0-53.8% on the non-polar and polar stationary phase, respectively), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (18.9-19.0%). A third group was constituted by metabolites of other origins, mainly aliphatic compounds, apparently derived from the acetate pathway (11.7-8.5%). The major components of the EO (≥3.0% with at least one column) were δ-selinene (30.5-28.8%), δ-cadinene (5.4-6.4%), epi-α-cadinol (4.9-5.2%), an undetermined compound with a molecular weight of 204 (3.4-4.2%), α-pinene (3.3-2.9%), and α-cadinol (2.9-3.0%). Finally, the essential oil was submitted to enantioselective analysis, on two β-cyclodextrin-based chiral selectors, determining the enantiomeric distribution of seven chiral terpenes. Among them, (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene, (1R,5R)-(+)-β-pinene, and (R)-(-)-α-phellandrene were enantiomerically pure, whereas camphene, borneol, α-copaene, and α-terpineol were present as scalemic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador or (G.G.); (A.A.E.); (Y.E.M.)
| | - Aníbal A. Enríquez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador or (G.G.); (A.A.E.); (Y.E.M.)
| | - Yessenia E. Maldonado
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador or (G.G.); (A.A.E.); (Y.E.M.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Cuenca (UCACUE), Av. las Américas y Humboldt, Cuenca 010105, Ecuador
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador;
| | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador or (G.G.); (A.A.E.); (Y.E.M.)
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Gilardoni G, Lara LR, Cumbicus N, Malagón O. A New Leaf Essential Oil from Endemic Gynoxys laurifolia (Kunth) Cass. of Southern Ecuador: Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2878. [PMID: 37571032 PMCID: PMC10421256 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The fresh leaves of Gynoxys laurifolia (Kunth) Cass. (Asteraceae), collected in the province of Loja (Ecuador), were submitted to steam distillation, producing an essential oil with a yield of 0.02% by weight. This volatile fraction, described here for the first time, was submitted to qualitative (GC-MS) and quantitative (GC-FID) chemical analyses, on two orthogonal columns (non-polar and polar stationary phase). A total of 90 components, corresponding to 95.9-95.0% by weight on the non-polar and polar stationary phase, respectively, were detected and quantified with at least one column. Major constituents (≥3%) were: germacrene D (18.9-18.0%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (13.2-15.0%), α-pinene (11.0-10.3%), β-pinene (4.5-4.4%), β-phellandrene (4.0-3.0%), bicyclogermacrene (4.0-3.0%), and bakkenolide A (3.2-3.4%). This essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (about 45%), followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (about 25-30%). This research was complemented with the enantioselective analysis of some common chiral terpenes, carried out through 2,3-diethyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin and 2,3-diacetyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin as stationary phase chiral selectors. As a result, (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene, (R)-(-)-α-phellandrene, (R)-(-)-β-phellandrene, (S)-(-)-limonene, (S)-(+)-linalyl acetate, and (S)-(-)-germacrene D were observed as enantiomerically pure compounds, whereas α-pinene, linalool, terpinene-4-ol, and α-terpineol were present as scalemic mixtures. Finally, sabinene was practically racemic. Due to plant wildness and the relatively low distillation yield, no industrial applications can be identified, in the first instance for this essential oil. The focus of the present study is therefore academic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (G.G.); (L.R.L.)
| | - Luis Rubén Lara
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (G.G.); (L.R.L.)
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador;
| | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (G.G.); (L.R.L.)
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Aguilar G, Calva J, Cartuche L, Salinas M, Armijos C. Chemical Constituents, Enantiomer Content, Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Valeriana microphylla Kunth Essential Oil. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112155. [PMID: 37299143 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of the essential oil (EO) from aerial parts (stems and leaves) of Valeriana microphylla Kunth (Valerianaceae), collected from the Saraguro community in the southern region of Ecuador, was analyzed for the first time. A total of 62 compounds were identified in V. microphylla EO by GC-FID and GC-MS on nonpolar DB-5ms and polar HP-INNOWax columns. The most abundant components (>5%) detected on DB-5ms and polar HP-INNOWax columns were α-gurjunene (11.98, 12.74%), germacrene D (11.47, 14.93%), E-caryophyllene (7.05, 7.78%), and α-copaene (6.76, 6.91%), respectively. In addition, the enantioselective analysis, carried out on a chiral column, showed (+)-α-pinene and (R)-(+)-germacrene as enantiomerically pure compounds (enantiomeric excess = 100%). The antioxidant activity was high for the radicals ABTS (SC50 = 41.82 µg/mL) and DPPH (SC50 = 89.60 µg/mL), and finally, the EO was shown to be inactive to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), as both values were >250 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguilar
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - James Calva
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Luis Cartuche
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Melissa Salinas
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
| | - Chabaco Armijos
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
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Cumbicus C, Malagón O, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. The Leaf Essential Oil of Gynoxys buxifolia (Kunth) Cass. (Asteraceae): A Good Source of Furanoeremophilane and Bakkenolide A. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1323. [PMID: 36987011 PMCID: PMC10053332 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the chemical and enantiomeric composition of a new essential oil, distilled from the dry leaves of Gynoxys buxifolia (Kunth) Cass. The chemical analysis was conducted by GC-MS and GC-FID, on two orthogonal capillary columns. A total of 72 compounds were detected and quantified with at least one column, corresponding to about 85% by weight of the whole oil mass. Of the 72 components, 70 were identified by comparing the respective linear retention indices and mass spectra with data from the literature, whereas the two main constituents were identified by preparative purification and NMR experiments. The quantitative analysis was carried out calculating the relative response factor of each compound according to their combustion enthalpy. The major constituents of the EO (≥3%) were: furanoeremophilane (31.3-28.3%), bakkenolide A (17.6-16.3%), caryophyllene oxide (6.0-5.8%), and (E)-β-caryophyllene (4.4%). Additionally, the hydrolate was also analyzed with respect to the dissolved organic phase. About 40.7-43.4 mg/100 mL of organic compounds was detected in solution, of which p-vinylguaiacol was the main component (25.4-29.9 mg/100 mL). Finally, the enantioselective analysis of some chiral terpenes was carried out, with a capillary column based on β-cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase. In this analysis, (1S,5S)-(-)-α-pinene, (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene, (S)-(+)-α-phellandrene, (S)-(+)-β-phellandrene, and (S)-(-)-terpinen-4-ol were detected as enantiomerically pure, whereas (S)-(-)-sabinene showed an enantiomeric excess of 69.2%. The essential oil described in the present study is a good source of two uncommon volatile compounds: furanoeremophilane and bakkenolide A. The former lacks bioactivity information and deserves further investigation, whereas the latter is a promising selective anticancer product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cumbicus
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (C.C.); (O.M.)
| | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (C.C.); (O.M.)
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador;
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (C.C.); (O.M.)
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Maldonado YE, Malagón O, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. A New Essential Oil from the Leaves of Gynoxys rugulosa Muschl. (Asteraceae) Growing in Southern Ecuador: Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:849. [PMID: 36840197 PMCID: PMC9966422 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An essential oil, distilled from the leaves of the Andean species Gynoxys rugulosa Muschl., is described in the present study for the first time. The chemical composition was qualitatively and quantitatively determined by GC-MS and GC-FID, respectively. On the one hand, the qualitative composition was obtained by comparing the mass spectrum and the linear retention index of each component with data from literature. On the other hand, the quantitative composition was determined by calculating the relative response factor of each constituent, according to its combustion enthalpy. Both analyses were carried out with two orthogonal columns of nonpolar and polar stationary phases. A total of 112 compounds were detected and quantified with at least one column, corresponding to 87.3-93.0% of the whole oil mass. Among the 112 detected components, 103 were identified. The main constituents were α-pinene (5.3-6.0%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (2.4-2.8%), α-humulene (3.0-3.2%), germacrene D (4.9-6.5%), δ-cadinene (2.2-2.3%), caryophyllene oxide (1.6-2.2%), α-cadinol (3.8-4.4%), 1-nonadecanol (1.7-1.9%), 1-eicosanol (0.9-1.2%), n-tricosane (3.3-3.4%), 1-heneicosanol (4.5-5.8%), n-pentacosane (5.8-7.1%), 1-tricosanol (4.0-4.5%), and n-heptacosane (3.0-3.5%). Furthermore, an enantioselective analysis was carried out on the essential oil, by means of two cyclodextrin-based capillary columns. The enantiomers of α-pinene, β-pinene, sabinene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, linalool, α-copaene, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, and germacrene D were detected, and the respective enantiomeric excess was calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessenia E. Maldonado
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
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Malagón O, Bravo C, Vidari G, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. Essential Oil and Non-Volatile Metabolites from Kaunia longipetiolata (Sch.Bip. ex Rusby) R. M. King and H. Rob., an Andean Plant Native to Southern Ecuador. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2972. [PMID: 36365423 PMCID: PMC9654423 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Kaunia longipetiolata (Sch.Bip. ex Rusby) R. M. King and H. Rob. (Asteraceae) is a plant native to southern Ecuador. The dry leaves afforded, by steam distillation, an essential oil that was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by GC-MS and GC-FID, respectively, on two orthogonal columns of different polarity. Sesquiterpenes predominated in the volatile fraction, among which α-zingiberene (19.7-19.1%), ar-curcumene (17.3-18.1%), caryophyllene oxide (5.1-5.3%), (Z)-β-caryophyllene (3.0-3.1%), (2Z,6Z)-farnesal (2.6-3.6%), and spathulenol (2.0-2.1%) were the major components. In addition to the identified compounds, two main unidentified constituents (possibly oxygenated sesquiterpenes) with probable molecular masses of 292 and 230, respectively, were detected. They constituted about 5% and 8% (w/w), respectively, of the whole essential oil. The oil chemical composition was complemented with the enantioselective analysis of ten chiral components. Four scalemic mixtures and six enantiomerically pure terpenes were identified. An enantiomeric excess (ee) was determined for (1R,5R)-(+)-β-pinene (65.0%), (R)-(-)-α-phellandrene (94.6%), (S)-(+)-linalool (15.0%), and (R)-(-)-terpinen-4-ol (33.8%). On the other hand, (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene, (1R,5R)-(+)-sabinene, (S)-(-)-limonene, (S)-(+)-β-phellandrene, (1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-(-)-α-copaene, and (R)-(+)-germacrene D were enantiomerically pure. Finally, the non-volatile fraction obtained by extraction of the leaves with MeOH was investigated. Eight known compounds were isolated by liquid column chromatographic separations. Their structures were determined by NMR spectroscopy as dehydroleucodine, kauniolide, (3S,3aR,4aR,6aS,9aS,9bR)-3-hydroxy-1,4a-dimethyl-7-methylene-5,6,6a,7,9a,9b-hexahydro-3H-oxireno[2',3':8,8a]azuleno[4,5-b]furan-8(4aH)-one, novanin, bisabola-1,10-diene-3,4-trans-diol, (R)-2-(2-(acetoxymethyl)oxiran-2-yl)-5-methylphenyl isobutyrate, eupalitin-3-O-glucoside, and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid. Literature data about the identified metabolites indicate that K. longipetiolata is a rich source of biologically active natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Cinthia Bravo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador
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Ruiz-Vásquez L, Ruiz Mesia L, Caballero Ceferino HD, Ruiz Mesia W, Andrés MF, Díaz CE, Gonzalez-Coloma A. Antifungal and Herbicidal Potential of Piper Essential Oils from the Peruvian Amazonia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11141793. [PMID: 35890427 PMCID: PMC9324010 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) from ten Peruvian Piper species (Piper coruscans, Pc; P. tuberculatum, Pt; P. casapiense, Pcs; P. obliquum, Po; P. dumosum, Pd; P. anonifolium, Pa; P. reticulatum, Pr; P. soledadense, Ps; P. sancti-felicis, Psf and P. mituense, Pm) has been studied, along with their antifungal and phytotoxic activities. These EOs contained β-bisabolene/nerolidol (Pc), β-bisabolene/δ-cadinene/caryophyllene (Pt), caryophyllene oxide (Pcs), bicyclogermacrene/10-epi-Elemol (Po), bicyclogermacrene/germacrene-D/apiol (Pd), caryophyllene/germacrene-D (Pa), germacrene-D (Pr), limonene/apiol (Ps), apiol (Psf), and apiol/bicyclogermacrene (Pm) as major components, and some are described here for the first time (Ps, Pcs, Pm). A composition-based dendrogram of these Piper species showed four major groups (G1: Pc and Pt, G2: Pcs, Po, Pd, Pa, and Pr, G3: Ps, and G4: Psf and Pm). The spore germination effects (Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, and Alternaria alternate) and phytotoxicity (Lolium perenne and Lactuca sativa) of these EOs were studied. Most of these Piper essential oils showed important activity against phytopathogenic fungi (except G1), especially against B. cinerea. Similarly, most of the essential oils were phytotoxic against L. perenne (except G1), with P. sancti-felicis (G4), P. casapiense (G2), and P. reticulatum (G2) being the most effective. Caryophyllene oxide, β-caryophyllene, β-pinene, limonene, α-humulene, and apiol were evaluated against B. cinerea, with the most effective compounds being β-pinene, apiol, and limonene. This work demonstrates the species-dependent potential of essential oils from Peruvian Piper species as fungicidal and herbicidal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Ruiz-Vásquez
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos 16002, Peru; (L.R.M.); (H.D.C.C.); (W.R.M.)
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos 16000, Peru
- Correspondence: (L.R.-V.); (A.G.-C.); Tel.: +51-966-102-718 (L.R.-V.); +34-917-452-500 (A.G.-C.)
| | - Lastenia Ruiz Mesia
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos 16002, Peru; (L.R.M.); (H.D.C.C.); (W.R.M.)
| | - Henrry Denny Caballero Ceferino
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos 16002, Peru; (L.R.M.); (H.D.C.C.); (W.R.M.)
| | - Wilfredo Ruiz Mesia
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales Antiparasitarios de la Amazonia, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos 16002, Peru; (L.R.M.); (H.D.C.C.); (W.R.M.)
| | | | - Carmen Elisa Díaz
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC, 38206 La Laguna, Spain;
| | - Azucena Gonzalez-Coloma
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (L.R.-V.); (A.G.-C.); Tel.: +51-966-102-718 (L.R.-V.); +34-917-452-500 (A.G.-C.)
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Salinas M, Calva J, Cartuche L, Valarezo E, Armijos C. Chemical Composition, Enantiomeric Distribution and Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activity of the Essential Oil of Diplosthephium juniperinum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091188. [PMID: 35567189 PMCID: PMC9105165 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to extract and identify the chemical compounds of Diplosthephium juniperinum essential oil (EO) from Ecuador and to assess its anticholinesterase and antioxidant properties. The EO chemical composition was determined by GC−MS. A total of 74 constituents of EO were identified, representing 97.27% in DB-5ms and 96.06% in HP-INNOWax of the total EO. The major constituents (>4.50%) identified were: α-pinene (21.52, 22.04%), geranyl acetate (10.54, 7.78%), silphiper-fol-5-ene (8.67, 7.38%), α-copaene (8.26, 8.18%), 7-epi-silphiperfol-5-ene (4.93, 5.95%), and germacrene D (4.91, 6.00%). Enantioselective analysis of the volatile fraction of D. juniperinum showed: (+)-α-pinene as a pure enantiomer and 5 pairs of enantiomeric compounds. Among them, (−)-β-Pinene and (−)-Germacrene D presented a high enantiomeric excess of 93.23 and 84.62%, respectively, while (−)-α-Thujene, (−)-Sabinene and (S)-4-Terpineol with a lower enantiomeric excess of 56.34, 47.84 and 43.11%, respectively. A moderate inhibitory effect was observed for Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes with IC50 values of 67.20 ± 7.10 and 89.00 ± 9.90 µg/mL, respectively. A lower antioxidant potential was observed for the EO measured through DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays with SC50 values of 127.03 and >1000 µg/mL, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the chemical composition, enantiomeric distribution and, anticholinesterase and antioxidant potential of the EO of D. juniperinum. As future perspective, further in-vivo studies could be conducted to confirm the anticholinesterase potential of the EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Salinas
- Maestría en Química Aplicada, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, San Cayetano s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.C.); (L.C.); (E.V.)
| | - James Calva
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.C.); (L.C.); (E.V.)
| | - Luis Cartuche
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.C.); (L.C.); (E.V.)
| | - Eduardo Valarezo
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.C.); (L.C.); (E.V.)
| | - Chabaco Armijos
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.C.); (L.C.); (E.V.)
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Patra B, Meena R, Rosalin R, Singh M, Paulraj R, Ekka RK, Pradhan SN. Untargeted Metabolomics in Piper betle Leaf Extracts to Discriminate the Cultivars of Coastal Odisha, India. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:4362-4376. [PMID: 35237923 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Betel leaf is consumed as a mouth freshener due to its characteristic flavor, aromaticity, and medicinal values. Abundance of phytochemicals in betel leaf contributes towards unique qualitative features. Screening of metabolites is quintessential for identifying flavoring betel leaves and their origin. Metabolomics presently lays emphasis on the cumulative application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic approaches. Here we adopted different protocols based on the above-mentioned analytical metabolomics platform for untargeted plant metabolite profiling followed by multivariate analysis methods and a phytochemical characterization of Piper betel leaf cultivars endemic to coastal Odisha, India. Based on variation in the solvent composition, concentration of solvent, extraction temperature, and incubation periods, five extraction methods were followed in GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy of betel leaf extracts. Phytochemical similarities and differences among the species were characterized through multivariate analysis approaches. Principal component analysis, based on the relative abundance of phytochemicals, indicated that the betel cultivars could be grouped into three groups. Our results of FTIR-, GC-MS-, and NMR-based profiling combined with multivariate analyses suggest that untargeted metabolomics can play a crucial role in documenting metabolic signatures of endemic betel leaf varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Patra
- School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India.,School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramovatar Meena
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rosina Rosalin
- Department of Botany, Baruneswar Mohavidyalaya, Jajpur, Odisha, India
| | - Mani Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, Lakshmi Bai College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - R Paulraj
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Malagón O, Cartuche P, Montaño A, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. A New Essential Oil from the Leaves of the Endemic Andean Species Gynoxys miniphylla Cuatrec. (Asteraceae): Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030398. [PMID: 35161379 PMCID: PMC8839257 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A previously uninvestigated essential oil (EO) was distilled from Gynoxys miniphylla Cuatrec. (Asteraceae) and submitted to chemical and enantioselective analyses. The qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted by GC-MS and GC-FID, over two orthogonal columns (5%-phenyl-methylpolysiloxane and polyethylene glycol stationary phases). Major constituents (≥2%) were, on both columns, respectively, as follows: α-phellandrene (16.1-17.2%), α-pinene (14.0-15.0%), germacrene D (13.3-14.8%), trans-myrtanol acetate (8.80%), δ-cadinene (4.2-4.6%), β-phellandrene (3.3-2.8%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (3.1-2.0%), o-cymene (2.4%), α-cadinol (2.3-2.6%), and α-humulene (1.7-2.0%). All the quantified compounds corresponded to 93.5-97.3% by weight of the whole essential oil, with monoterpenes counting for 53.8-55.6% of the total, and sesquiterpenes for 38.5-41.4%. For what concerns the enantioselective analyses, the chiral components were investigated through a β-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective column (2,3-diethyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin). A total of six chiral metabolites were analysed and the respective enantiomeric excess calculated as follows: (1S,5S)-(-)-α-pinene (98.2%), (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene (11.9%), (1R,5R)-(+)-sabinene (14.0%), (R)-(-)-α-phellandrene (100.0%), (R)-(-)-β-phellandrene (100.0%), and (S)-(-)-germacrene D (95.5%). According to the chemical composition and enantiomeric distribution of major compounds, this EO can be considered promising as a cholinergic, antiviral and, probably, analgesic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (O.M.); (P.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Patricio Cartuche
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (O.M.); (P.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Angel Montaño
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (O.M.); (P.C.); (A.M.)
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador;
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (O.M.); (P.C.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: or
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Armijos C, Ramírez J, Salinas M, Vidari G, Suárez AI. Pharmacology and Phytochemistry of Ecuadorian Medicinal Plants: An Update and Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1145. [PMID: 34832927 PMCID: PMC8624270 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plants as therapeutic agents is part of the traditional medicine that is practiced by many indigenous communities in Ecuador. The aim of this study was to update a review published in 2016 by including the studies that were carried out in the period 2016-July 2021 on about 120 Ecuadorian medicinal plants. Relevant data on raw extracts and isolated secondary metabolites were retrieved from different databases, resulting in 104 references. They included phytochemical and pharmacological studies on several non-volatile compounds, as well as the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs). The tested biological activities are also reported. The potential of Ecuadorian plants as sources of products for practical applications in different fields, as well the perspectives of future investigations, are discussed in the last part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chabaco Armijos
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Melissa Salinas
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Alírica I. Suárez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.I.S.)
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1040, Venezuela
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Gilardoni G, Montalván M, Vélez M, Malagón O. Chemical and Enantioselective Analysis of the Essential Oils from Different Morphological Structures of Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2171. [PMID: 34685981 PMCID: PMC8540073 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The traditional Ecuadorian spice Ishpingo, characterized by a strong cinnamon-like aroma, is constituted by the dry cupules of Amazonian species Ocotea quixos. Nevertheless, bark and leaves also present aromatic properties and are sometimes used as substitutes. In the present study, the essential oils, distilled from these morphological structures, are comparatively analyzed for their chemical and enantiomeric compositions. A total of 88 components were identified with 2 orthogonal GC columns, whereas 79, corresponding to more than 94%, were also quantified with at least 1 column. Major compounds were (E)-methyl cinnamate in cupules (35.9-34.2%), (E)-cinnamaldehyde in bark (44.7-47.0%), and (E)-cinnamyl acetate (46.0-50.4%) in leaves. For what concerns the enantioselective analysis, 10 chiral terpenes and terpenoids were detected, of which 6 were present as enantiomeric pairs in at least 1 essential oil, the others being enantiomerically pure. Both quantitative and enantioselective analyses were submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), where their results confirmed significative difference among the three products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Marcelino Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador or (G.G.); (M.M.); (M.V.)
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Calvopiña K, Malagón O, Capetti F, Sgorbini B, Verdugo V, Gilardoni G. A New Sesquiterpene Essential Oil from the Native Andean Species Jungia rugosa Less (Asteraceae): Chemical Analysis, Enantiomeric Evaluation, and Cholinergic Activity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10102102. [PMID: 34685911 PMCID: PMC8540832 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As part of a project devoted to the phytochemical study of Ecuadorian biodiversity, new essential oils are systematically distilled and analysed. In the present work, Jungia rugosa Less (Asteraceae) has been selected and some wild specimens collected to investigate the volatile fraction. The essential oil, obtained from fresh leaves, was analysed for the first time in the present study. The chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography, coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for qualitative analysis, and to flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for quantitation. The calculation of relative response factors (RRF), based on combustion enthalpy, was carried out for each quantified component. Fifty-six compounds were identified and quantified in a 5% phenyl-polydimethylsiloxane non-polar column and 53 compounds in a polyethylene glycol polar column, including four undetermined compounds. The main feature of this essential oil was the exclusive sesquiterpenes content, both hydrocarbons (74.7% and 80.4%) and oxygenated (8.3% and 9.6%). Major constituents were: γ-curcumene (47.1% and 49.7%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (17.0% and 17.9%), together with two abundant undetermined oxygenated sesquiterpenes, whose abundance was 6.7-7.2% and 4.7-3.3%, respectively. In addition, the essential oil was submitted to enantioselective evaluation in two β-cyclodextrin-based enantioselective columns, determining the enantiomeric purity of a minor component (1S,2R,6R,7R,8R)-(+)-α-copaene. Finally, the AChE inhibition activity of the EO was evaluated in vitro. In conclusion, this volatile fraction is suitable for further investigation, according to two main lines: (a) the purification and structure elucidation of the major undetermined compounds, (b) a bio-guided fractionation, intended to investigate the presence of new sesquiterpene AChE inhibitors among the minor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyna Calvopiña
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (K.C.); (O.M.); (V.V.)
- Carrera de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad Técnica “Luis Vargas Torres” de Esmeraldas, Ciudadela Nuevos Horizontes s/n, Esmeraldas 179619, Ecuador
| | - Omar Malagón
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (K.C.); (O.M.); (V.V.)
| | - Francesca Capetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.C.); (B.S.)
| | - Verónica Verdugo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (K.C.); (O.M.); (V.V.)
- Unidad Educativa Ambrosio Andrade Palacios-Suscal, Vía Durán Tambo Eloy Alfaro, Suscal 030206, Ecuador
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 110107, Ecuador; (K.C.); (O.M.); (V.V.)
- Correspondence: or
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Rodrigues de Oliveira M, Anjos da Silva L, Santos Da Silva R, Branco de Queiroz CC, Takeara R. Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of Piper species from the Amazon. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2021.1942250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laenir Anjos da Silva
- Instituto De Ciências Exatas E Tecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Brasil
| | - Roosalyn Santos Da Silva
- Instituto De Ciências Exatas E Tecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Brasil
| | | | - Renata Takeara
- Instituto De Ciências Exatas E Tecnologia, Universidade Federal Do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Brasil
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Ramírez J, Andrade MD, Vidari G, Gilardoni G. Essential Oil and Major Non-Volatile Secondary Metabolites from the Leaves of Amazonian Piper subscutatum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1168. [PMID: 34207495 PMCID: PMC8228786 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The essential oil and the major non-volatile secondary metabolites from the leaves of Piper subscutatum (Miq.) C. DC. (Family Piperaceae), collected in the Ecuadorian Amazon, were analyzed for the first time in the present study. The essential oil was submitted to chemical and enantioselective analyses by GC-MS and GC-FID. (E)-β-caryophyllene (25.3-25.2%), β-chamigrene (10.3-7.8%), (E)-nerolidol (8.1-7.7%), β-selinene (7.2-7.7%), δ-cadinene (2.7-3.9%), bicyclogermacrene (3.7-2.4%), and β-pinene (2.6-3.4%) were the major components. The enantioselective analysis, carried out on a β-cyclodextrin-based column, showed four scalemic mixtures in which (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene, (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene, (S)-(-)-limonene, and (1R,2S,6S,7S,8S)-(-)-α-copaene were the major enantiomers, with enantiomeric excesses of 28.8%, 77.8%, 18.4%, and 6.0%, respectively. The study was complemented with the chemical analysis of the organic fraction dissolved in the hydrolate, whose major components were 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (63.7-64.4%) and linalool (6.5-6.0%). Concerning the non-volatile fraction, five lignans were the major components. (-)-Beilshminol B, (-)-grandisin, (-)-3',4'-methylenedioxy-3,4,5-trimethoxy-7,7'-epoxylignan, (-)-3',4'-methylenedioxy-3,4,5,5'-tetramethoxy-7,7'-epoxylignan, and (-)-3,4,3',4'-dimethylenedioxy-5,5'-dimethoxy-7,7'-epoxylignan were identified by means of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. The absolute configuration 7S,8S,7'S,8'S was tentatively assigned to all of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.D.A.)
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - María Daniela Andrade
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.D.A.)
| | - Giovanni Vidari
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Medical Analysis Department, Faculty of Science, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Calle M. Champagnat s/n, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (J.R.); (M.D.A.)
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Espinosa S, Bec N, Larroque C, Ramírez J, Sgorbini B, Bicchi C, Cumbicus N, Gilardoni G. A Novel Chemical Profile of a Selective In Vitro Cholinergic Essential Oil from Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), a Native Andean Species of Ecuador. Molecules 2020; 26:E45. [PMID: 33374888 PMCID: PMC7795002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel chemical profile essential oil, distilled from the aerial parts of Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts (Lamiaceae), was analysed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS, qualitative analysis) and Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID, quantitative analysis), with both polar and non-polar stationary phase columns. The chemical composition mostly consisted of sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids (>70%), the main ones being (E)-β-caryophyllene (17.8%), α-copaene (10.5%), β-bourbonene (9.9%), δ-cadinene (6.6%), cis-cadina-1(6),4-diene (6.4%) and germacrene D (4.9%), with the non-polar column. The essential oil was then submitted to enantioselective GC analysis, with a diethyl-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin diluted in PS-086 chiral selector, resulting in the following enantiomeric excesses for the chiral components: (1R,5S)-(-)-α-thujene (67.8%), (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene (85.5%), (1S,5S)-(-)-β-pinene (90.0%), (1S,5S)-(-)-sabinene (12.3%), (S)-(-)-limonene (88.1%), (S)-(+)-linalool (32.7%), (R)-(-)-terpinen-4-ol (9.3%), (S)-(-)-α-terpineol (71.2%) and (S)-(-)-germacrene D (89.0%). The inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) of C. taxifolium essential oil was then tested, resulting in selective activity against BChE with an IC50 value of 31.3 ± 3.0 μg/mL (positive control: donepezil, IC50 = 3.6 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Espinosa
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Nicole Bec
- IRMB, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, 34298 Montpellier, France;
| | - Christian Larroque
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
- Supportive Care Unit, Institut du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Jorge Ramírez
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Barbara Sgorbini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (B.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlo Bicchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy; (B.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Nixon Cumbicus
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja 1101608, Ecuador;
| | - Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (S.E.); (C.L.); (J.R.)
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Gilardoni G, Montalván M, Ortiz M, Vinueza D, Montesinos JV. The Flower Essential Oil of Dalea mutisii Kunth (Fabaceae) from Ecuador: Chemical, Enantioselective, and Olfactometric Analyses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1403. [PMID: 33096831 PMCID: PMC7589571 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An essential oil was distilled with 0.25% yield from fresh flowers of Dalea mutisii Kunth, a native species mainly growing in the Andean region of Ecuador. A total of 50 compounds were identified, and most of them were quantified. The chemical composition was characterized by the prevalence of monoterpene hydrocarbons (>90%). Major components were α-pinene (42.9%), β-pinene (15.1%), β-phellandrene (12.6%), myrcene (6.7%), and (Z)-β-ocimene (5.4%). The essential oil was then submitted to enantioselective analysis, with a 2,3-diethyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin-based capillary column. An enantiomeric excess was measured for (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene (91.6%), (1R,5R)-(+)-β-pinene (15.2%), (R)-(-)-α-phellandrene (4.8%), and (R)-(-)-β-phellandrene (88.8%), whereas (R)-(+)-limonene was enantiomerically pure. A gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) analysis was additionally carried out on this pleasantly fragrant essential oil, following an aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) approach. Main odorants were α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, and (Z)-β-ocimene, with dilution factors (FD) of 8, 4, 2, and 2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gilardoni
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (M.M.), (M.O.), (J.V.M.)
| | - Mayra Montalván
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (M.M.), (M.O.), (J.V.M.)
| | - Mariana Ortiz
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (M.M.), (M.O.), (J.V.M.)
| | - Diego Vinueza
- Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Lope de Armendariz, Riobamba 060106, Ecuador;
| | - José Vinicio Montesinos
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador; (M.M.), (M.O.), (J.V.M.)
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