Euphorbia cuneata Represses LPS-induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice via its Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Activities

Revealing the mechanism and efficacy of natural products on treating the asthma: Current insights from traditional medicine to modern drug discovery

Asthma remains a significant global health challenge, demanding innovative approaches to treatment. Traditional medicine has a rich history of using natural products to alleviate asthmatic symptoms. However, transitioning from these traditional remedies to modern drug discovery approaches has provided fresh insights into the mechanisms and effectiveness of these natural products. This study provides our comprehensive review, which examines the current state of knowledge in the treatment of asthma. It delves into the mechanisms through which natural products ameliorate asthma symptoms, and it discusses their potential in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. Our analysis reveals that natural products, traditionally employed for asthma relief, exhibit diverse mechanisms of action. These include anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, immunomodulatory effects, and reducing gene expression. In the context of modern drug discovery, these natural compounds serve as valuable candidates for the development of novel asthma therapies. The transition from traditional remedies to modern drug discovery represents a promising avenue for asthma treatment. Our review highlights the substantial efficacy of natural products in managing asthma symptoms, underpinned by well-defined mechanisms of action. By bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary approaches, we contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field, emphasizing the potential of natural products in shaping the future of asthma therapy.

R. Almalki N, Asfour HZ, Al-Rabia MW, Alzain AA, Mohamed GA, Ibrahim SR. Protective effect of kaempferol glucoside against lipopolysaccharide-caused acute lung injury via targeting Nrf2/NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD: Integrating experimental and computational studies

The current study explored the protective potential of kaempferol 3-sophoroside-7-glucoside (KSG) against acute lung injury (ALI). Pre-treatment with KSG effectively secured mice from ALI and showed similar efficaciousness to dexamethasone. KSG markedly increased the survival rate and alleviated lung pathological lesions induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, KSG attenuated differential and total cell counts in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) and MPO (myeloperoxidase) activity. KSG counteracted the NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) activation and significantly ameliorated the downstream inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α). Simultaneously, KSG suppressed the over-expression of NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3), caspase-1, and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin IL-1β (interleukine-1β) and prohibited the elevation of the pyroptotic parameter GSDMD-N (N-terminal domain of gasdermin D) induced by LPS challenge. In addition, KSG significantly enhanced Nrf2 (nuclear-factor erythroid-2-related factor) and HO-1 (heme-oxygenase-1) expression. Meanwhile, KSG mitigated lipid peroxidative markers (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and 4-hydroxynonenal) and boosted endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase/reduced glutathione/catalase) in lung tissue. In silico analyses revealed that KSG disrupts Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interactions by binding to the KEAP1 domain, consequently activating Nrf2. Specifically, molecular docking demonstrated superior binding affinity of KSG to KEAP1 compared to the reference inhibitor, with docking scores of -9.576 and -6.633 Kcal/mol, respectively. Additionally, the MM-GBSA binding free energy of KSG (-67.25 Kcal/mol) surpassed that of the reference inhibitor (-56.36 Kcal/mol). Furthermore, MD simulation analysis revealed that the KSG-KEAP1 complex exhibits substantial and stable binding interactions with various amino acids over a duration of 100 ns. These findings showed the protective anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative modulatory efficiencies of KSG that effectively counteracted LPS-induced ALI and encouraged future research and clinical applications of KSG as a protective strategy for ALI.

Structural Analysis and Antioxidant and Immunoregulatory Activities of an Exopolysaccharide Isolated from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum XZ01

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum XZ01 (BLSL1) is a new strain (isolated from the intestines of healthy people and deposited with the preservation number GDMCC 61618). An exopolysaccharide, S-EPS-1, was successfully isolated from the strain and then systematically investigated for the first time. Some structural features of S-EPS-1 were analyzed by chemical component, HPLC, ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum analyses. These analyses revealed that S-EPS-1 is a neutral heteropolysaccharide with an α-configuration. It contains mainly mannose and glucose, as well as small amounts of rhamnose and galactose. The molecular weight of S-EPS-1 was calculated to be 638 kDa. Several immunoregulatory activity assays indicated that S-EPS-1 could increase proliferation, phagocytosis, and NO production in vitro. In addition, S-EPS-1 could upregulate the expression of cytokines at the mRNA level through TLR4-mediated activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. Finally, S-EPS-1 was demonstrated to exhibit antioxidant activity by ABTS+• scavenging, DPPH• scavenging, and ferric-ion reducing power assays. Furthermore, S-EPS-1 can protect cells from oxidative stress and shows no cytotoxicity. These beneficial effects can be partly attributed to its antioxidant ability. Thus, the antioxidant S-EPS-1 may be applied as a functional food in the future.

Cichorium intybus L. significantly alleviates cigarette smoke-induced acute lung injury by lowering NF-κB pathway activation and inflammatory mediators

Background

Cigarette smoke (CS) is one of the primary causes of acute lung injury (ALI) via provoking pulmonary inflammation and oxidative stress. Despite substantial studies, no effective treatment for ALI is presently available.

Purpose

New prospective treatment options for ALI are required. Thus, this project was designed to investigate the in vivo and in vitro protective effects of 70 % methanolic-aqueous crude extract of whole plant of Cichorium intybus (Ci.Mce) against CS-induced ALI.

Study design

/methods: Initially, male Swiss albino mice were subjected to whole-body CS exposure for 10 continuous days to prepare CS-induced ALI models. Normal saline (10 mL/kg), Ci.Mce (100, 200, 300 mg/kg), and Dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) were orally administered to respective animal groups 1 h prior to CS-exposure. 24 hrs after the last CS-exposure, BALF and lungs were harvested to study the key characteristics of ALI. Next, HPLC analysis was done to explore the phytoconstituents.

Results

Ci.Mce exhibited significant reductions in lung macrophage and neutrophil infiltration, lung weight coefficient, and albumin exudation. Additionally, it effectively ameliorated lung histopathological alterations and hypoxemia. Notably, Ci.Mce exerted inhibitory effects on the excessive generation of IL-6, IL-1β, and KC in both CS-induced ALI murine models and CSE-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Noteworthy benefits included the attenuation of oxidative stress induced by CS, evidenced by decreased levels of MDA, TOS, and MPO, alongside enhanced TAC production. Furthermore, Ci.Mce demonstrated a marked reduction in CS-induced NF-κB expression, both in vivo and in vitro.

Conclusion

Consequently, Cichorium intybus could be a therapeutic option for CS-induced ALI due to its ability to suppress inflammatory reactions, mitigate oxidative stress, and quell NF-κB p65 activation.

Quercus coccinea Münchh leaves polyphenols: Appraisal acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice

Genus Quercus is a well-known source for its polyphenolic content and important biological activity. Plants belonging to the Quercus genus were traditionally used in asthma, inflammatory diseases, wound healing, acute diarrhea, and hemorrhoid. Our work intended to study the polyphenolic profile of the Q. coccinea (QC) leaves and to assess the protective activity of its 80% aqueous methanol extract (AME) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Together, the potential molecular mechanism was investigated. Nineteen polyphenolic compounds (1-18), including tannins, flavone, and flavonol glycosides. Phenolic acids and aglycones were purified and identified from the AME of QC leaves. Treatment with AME of QC showed an anti-inflammatory effect evidenced by a remarkable decline in the count of white blood cells and neutrophils which was in harmony with decreasing the levels of high mobility group box-1, nuclear factor kappa B, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin 1 beta. In addition, the antioxidant activity of QC was documented through the significant reduction in malondialdehyde level and elevation of reduced glutathione level and superoxide dismutase activity. Furthermore, the mechanism involved in the pulmonary protective effect of QC involved the downregulation of the TLR4/MyD88 pathway. The AME of QC showed a protective effect against LPS-induced ALI through the powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities which are linked to its abundancy with polyphenols.

Effects of Herbs and Derived Natural Products on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Toxicity: A Literature Review

Introduction

Oxidative stress (OS) during inflammation can increase inflammatory responses and damage tissue. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can induce oxidative stress and inflammation in several organs. Natural products have several biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunoregulatory properties. The aims of the study are to study the possible therapeutic effects of natural products on LPS inducing toxicity on the nervous system, lung, liver, and immune system.

Methods

The in vitro and in vivo research articles that were published in the last 5 years were included in the current study. The keywords included "lipopolysaccharide," "toxicity," "natural products," and "plant extract" were searched in different databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar until October 2021.

Results

The results of most studies indicated that some medicinal herbs and their potent natural products can help to prevent, treat, and manage LPS-induced toxicity. Medicinal herbs and plant-derived natural products showed promising effects on managing and treating oxidative stress, inflammation, and immunomodulation by several mechanisms.

Conclusion

However, these findings provide information about natural products for the prevention and treatment of LPS-induced toxicity, but the scientific validation of natural products requires more evidence on animal models to replace modern commercial medicine.

Verapamil attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced murine models of acute lung injury and CSE-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages via inhibiting the NF-κB pathway

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), severe form of ALI, are characterized by overwhelming of lung inflammation, and no treatment is currently available to treat ALI/ARDS. Cigarette smoke (CS) is one of the prime causes to induce ALI/ARDS via oxidative stress. Despite extensive research, no appropriate therapy is currently available to treat ALI/ARDS. Hence, new potential approaches are needed to treat ALI/ARDS. Consequently, this project was designed to explore the protective effects of verapamil against CS-induced ALI by in vivo and in vitro method. In vivo data obtained from respiratory mechanics, pulmonary morphometric analyses and lung histopathology revealed that verapamil dose-dependently and strikingly decreased the lung weight coefficient, attenuated the albumin exudation into lungs, minimized the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into lungs, reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC)) production, and improved the hypoxemia and lung histopathological changes. Similarly, verapamil also reduced the production of TNF-α, IL-6 and KC from cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage. Importantly, verapamil dose-dependently and remarkably suppressed the CS-induced oxidative stress via not only reducing the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of lungs, total oxidative stress (TOS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the lungs and supernatant of RAW 264.7 macrophage but also improving total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) production. Finally, verapamil strikingly decreased the NF-κB expression both in in vivo and in vitro models. Hence, verapamil has positive therapeutic effects against CS-induced ALI via suppressing uncontrolled inflammatory response, oxidative stress and NF-κB p65 signaling.

Pharmacological Activities and Characterization of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds in Methanolic Extract of Euphorbia cuneata Vahl Aerial Parts

Euphorbia cuneata Vahl. (Euphorbiaceae) is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammation, although the biological basis for these effects has not been thoroughly investigated. The goal of this study was to investigate the pharmacological properties and characterization of phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in the aerial parts of E. cuneata. E. cuneata aerial parts were tested for antioxidant activity (DPPH), antibacterial activity, cell viability and cytotoxic effects, and anti-inflammatory activity. Phenolic and flavonoid contents (HPLC), and volatile constituents (GC-MS) were also characterized. The methanol extract had the highest antioxidant activity, while the ether extract had the lowest. The antioxidant activity of E. cuneata extract increased from (21.11%) at a concentration of 10 µg/mL to (95.53%) at a concentration of 1280 µg/mL. S. aureus was the most sensitive organism with the highest zone of inhibition and lowest MIC, with acetone extract; whereas C. tropicalis was the most resistant, with the lowest inhibition zone. MTT assay revealed that the methanol extract of E. cuneata had significant cytotoxic effects on the A549, Caco-2, and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, respectively. Lower concentrations of methanolic extract gave anti-inflammatory activity, and those effects were compared with indomethacin as a positive control. Pyrogallol was the most abundant phenolic acid, followed by caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic, syringic, and gallic acids, respectively. The 7-hydroxyflavone and rutin flavonoids were also found in the extract. GC-mass analysis showed that aerial parts of E. cuneata were rich in methyl 12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate. The volatile components were also composed of considerable amounts of hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, (9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyl chloride, and methyl octadeca-9,12-dienoate as well as a little amount of hexanal dimethyl acetal. It can be concluded that methanolic extract of E. cuneata could be used as an available source of natural bioactive constituents with consequent health benefits.

Terretonin as a New Protective Agent against Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury: Impact on SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κBp65/NLRP3 Signaling

Endophytic fungi are proving to be an excellent source of chemical entities with unique structures and varied bioactivities. Terretonin (TE) and its structurally related derivatives are a class of meroterpenoids, possessing the same unique tetracyclic core skeleton, which have been reported from the Aspergillus genus. This study was carried out to assess the potential protective effects of TE separated from the endophytic fungus A. terreus against LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced ALI (acute lung injury) in mice. The results revealed that TE alleviated pulmonary edema as it lowered both the W/D lung ratio and protein content. The inflammatory response represented by inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung tissues was greatly repressed by TE. That was supported by the improved histopathological results and also by the reduced level of myeloperoxidase in the lung. TE showed a potent antioxidant activity as it attenuated lipid peroxidative markers (malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, and protein carbonyl) and enhanced endogenous antioxidants (reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) in lung tissues. Similarly, TE increased the mRNA expression of SIRT1, Nrf2, and its genes (HO-1, NQO1, and GCLm). On the other hand, TE restrained the activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB) in the lung. Consequently, TE depressed the pro-inflammatory cytokines: nitric oxide (NOx), TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), and interleukins (IL-6 and -1β). Additionally, TE inhibited NLRP3 signaling and interrupted apoptosis by decreasing the levels of proapoptotic markers (Bax and caspase-3) and increasing the level of an anti-apoptotic marker (Bcl-2). In conclusion, TE had a remarkable protective potential on LPS-induced lung damage via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This finding encourages further investigations on this promising candidate.