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Wu T, Liu Z, Yu T, Zhou R, Yang Q, Cao R, Nie F, Ma X, Bai Y, Song X. Flowering genes identification, network analysis, and database construction for 837 plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae013. [PMID: 38585015 PMCID: PMC10995624 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Flowering is one of the most important biological phenomena in the plant kingdom, which not only has important ecological significance, but also has substantial horticultural ornamental value. In this study, we undertook an exhaustive review of the advancements in our understanding of plant flowering genes. We delved into the identification and conducted comparative analyses of flowering genes across virtually all sequenced angiosperm plant genomes. Furthermore, we established an extensive angiosperm flowering atlas, encompassing a staggering 183 720 genes across eight pathways, along with 10 155 ABCDE mode genes, which play a pivotal role in plant flowering regulation. Through the examination of expression patterns, we unveiled the specificities of these flowering genes. An interaction network between flowering genes of the ABCDE model and their corresponding upstream genes offered a blueprint for comprehending their regulatory mechanisms. Moreover, we predicted the miRNA and target genes linked to the flowering processes of each species. To culminate our efforts, we have built a user-friendly web interface, named the Plant Flowering-time Gene Database (PFGD), accessible at http://pfgd.bio2db.com/. We firmly believe that this database will serve as a cornerstone in the global research community, facilitating the in-depth exploration of flowering genes in the plant kingdom. In summation, this pioneering endeavor represents the first comprehensive collection and comparative analysis of flowering genes in plants, offering valuable resources for the study of plant flowering genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Zhuo Liu
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Tong Yu
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8200, Denmark
| | - Qihang Yang
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Rui Cao
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Fulei Nie
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
- College of Horticultural Science & Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066600, China
| | - Yun Bai
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- School of Life Sciences/Library, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
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Pramanik D, Vaskimo L, Batenburg KJ, Kostenko A, Droppert K, Smets E, Gravendeel B. Orchid fruit and root movement analyzed using 2D photographs and a bioinformatics pipeline for processing sequential 3D scans. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2024; 12:e11567. [PMID: 38369982 PMCID: PMC10873816 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Premise Most studies of the movement of orchid fruits and roots during plant development have focused on morphological observations; however, further genetic analysis is required to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. A precise tool is required to observe these movements and harvest tissue at the correct position and time for transcriptomics research. Methods We utilized three-dimensional (3D) micro-computed tomography (CT) scans to capture the movement of fast-growing Erycina pusilla roots, and built an integrated bioinformatics pipeline to process 3D images into 3D time-lapse videos. To record the movement of slowly developing E. pusilla and Phalaenopsis equestris fruits, two-dimensional (2D) photographs were used. Results The E. pusilla roots twisted and resupinated multiple times from early development. The first period occurred in the early developmental stage (77-84 days after germination [DAG]) and the subsequent period occurred later in development (140-154 DAG). While E. pusilla fruits twisted 45° from 56-63 days after pollination (DAP), the fruits of P. equestris only began to resupinate a week before dehiscence (133 DAP) and ended a week after dehiscence (161 DAP). Discussion Our methods revealed that each orchid root and fruit had an independent direction and degree of torsion from the initial to the final position. Our innovative approaches produced detailed spatial and temporal information on the resupination of roots and fruits during orchid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewi Pramanik
- Evolutionary EcologyNaturalis Biodiversity CenterDarwinweg 22333 CRLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of ScienceLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenThe Netherlands
- Research Center for Horticulture, Research Organization for Agriculture and FoodNational Research and Innovation Agency (Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional/BRIN)Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta‐Bogor, Pakansari, CibinongWest Java16915Indonesia
| | - Lotta Vaskimo
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences LeidenZernikedreef 112333 CKLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - K. Joost Batenburg
- Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Faculty of ScienceLeiden University, SnelliusNiels Bohrweg 12333 CALeidenThe Netherlands
- Computational ImagingCentrum Wiskunde en InformaticaScience Park 1231090 GBAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kostenko
- Computational ImagingCentrum Wiskunde en InformaticaScience Park 1231090 GBAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kevin Droppert
- Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences LeidenZernikedreef 112333 CKLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Erik Smets
- Evolutionary EcologyNaturalis Biodiversity CenterDarwinweg 22333 CRLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of ScienceLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenThe Netherlands
- Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, KU LeuvenKasteelpark Arenberg 31, BOX 24353001LeuvenBelgium
| | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Evolutionary EcologyNaturalis Biodiversity CenterDarwinweg 22333 CRLeidenThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Faculty of ScienceLeiden UniversitySylviusweg 722333 BELeidenThe Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental SciencesRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356500 GLNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Heiduk A, Brake I, Shuttleworth A, Johnson SD. 'Bleeding' flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii (Apocynaceae-Asclepiadoideae) mimic wounded insects to attract kleptoparasitic fly pollinators. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 36938986 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Kleptomyiophily, where flowers imitate wounded insects to attract 'kleptoparasitic' flies as pollinators, is one of the most specialized types of floral mimicry and often involves physical trapping devices. However, the diversity of pollinators and functional floral traits involved in this form of mimicry remain poorly understood. We report a novel example of kleptomyiophily in the nontrapping flowers of Ceropegia gerrardii and explore the floral traits responsible for attracting pollinators. The pollinators, reproductive biology and floral traits (including epidermal surfaces, spectral reflectance and the composition of nectariferous petal secretions and scent) were investigated. Attractive volatiles were identified using electrophysiological and behavioural experiments. Ceropegia gerrardii was predominantly pollinated by kleptoparasitic Desmometopa spp. (Milichiidae) flies. The flower corollas extrude a protein- and sugar-containing secretion, similar to the haemolymph of wounded insects, on which the flies feed. Floral scent was chemically similar to that of injured honey bees. Four out of 24 electrophysiologically active compounds, all released by injured honey bees, were identified as key players in pollinator attraction. Our results suggest that C. gerrardii flowers chemically mimic wounded honey bees to attract kleptoparasitic flies and reward them with a secretion similar to the haemolymph on which they would normally feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Heiduk
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | | | - Adam Shuttleworth
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Steven D Johnson
- Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
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