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Matrix Regeneration Ability In Situ Induced by a Silk Fibroin Small-Caliber Artificial Blood Vessel In Vivo. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183754. [PMID: 36145899 PMCID: PMC9502482 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of a small-caliber artificial vascular graft in the host in order to obtain functional tissue regeneration and remodeling remains a great challenge in clinical application. In our previous work, a silk-based, small-caliber tubular scaffold (SFTS) showed excellent mechanical properties, long-term patency and rapid endothelialization capabilities. On this basis, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the vascular reconstruction process after implantation to replace the common carotid artery in rabbits. The new tissue on both sides of the SFTSs at 1 month was clearly observed. Inside the SFTSs, the extracellular matrix (ECM) was deposited on the pore wall at 1 month and continued to increase during the follow-up period. The self-assembled collagen fibers and elastic fibers were clearly visible in a circumferential arrangement at 6 months and were similar to autologous blood vessels. The positive expression rate of Lysyl oxidase-1 (LOXL-1) was positively correlated with the formation and maturity of collagen fibers and elastic fibers. In summary, the findings of the tissue regeneration processes indicated that the bionic SFTSs induced in situ angiogenesis in defects.
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2
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Enhanced Silk Fibroin/Sericin Composite Film: Preparation, Mechanical Properties and Mineralization Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122466. [PMID: 35746041 PMCID: PMC9227074 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The periosteum plays an important role in bone formation and reconstruction. One of the reasons for the high failure rate of bone transplantation is the absence of the periosteum. Silk fibroin (SF) and silk sericin (SS) have excellent biocompatibility and physicochemical properties, which have amazing application prospects in bone tissue engineering, but lacked mechanical properties. We developed a series of SF/SS composite films with improved mechanical properties using boiling water degumming, which caused little damage to SF molecular chains to retain larger molecules. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results showed that there were more β-sheets in SF/SS films than in Na2CO3 degummed SF film, resulting in significantly improved breaking strength and toughness of the composite films, which were increased by approximately 1.3 and 1.7 times, respectively. The mineralization results showed that the hydroxyapatite (HAp) deposition rate on SF/SS composite films was faster than that on SF film. The SF/SS composite films effectively regulated the nucleation, growth and aggregation of HAp-like minerals, and the presence of SS accelerated the early mineralization of SF-based materials. These composite films may be promising biomaterials in the repair and regeneration of periosteum.
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Mikhailova MM, Sydoruk KV, Davydova LI, Yastremsky EV, Chvalun SN, Debabov VG, Bogush VG, Panteleyev AA. Nonwoven spidroin materials as scaffolds for ex vivo cultivation of aortic fragments and dorsal root ganglia. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2022; 33:1685-1703. [PMID: 35499451 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2022.2073426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant spidroins (RS; the analogues of silk proteins of spider's web) have multiple properties beneficial for bioengineering, including their suitability for electrospinning and thus, for production of materials with oriented fibers. This makes RS-based matrices potentially effective in stimulating regeneration of peripheral nerves. The restoration of injured nerves also depends on prompt regrowth of blood vessels. Therefore, prospective scaffold materials for neuro-regenerative therapy should positively affect both the nerves and the blood vessels. Currently, the experimental models suitable for culturing and quantitative assessment of the vascular and neuronal cells on the same material are lacking. Here, we assessed the suitability of electrospun RS-based matrices for cultivation of the mouse aorta and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explants. We also quantified the effects of matrix topography upon both types of tissues. The RS-based materials have effectively supported aortic explants survival and sprouting. The cumulative length of endothelial sprouts on rS1/9-coated inserts was significantly higher as compared to type I collagen coatings, suggesting stimulatory effects on angiogenesis in vitro. In contrast to matrices with random fibers, on matrices with parallel fibers the migration of both smooth muscle and endothelial cells was highly oriented. Furthermore, alignment of RS fibers effectively directs the growth of axons and the migration of Schwann cells from DRGs. Thus, the electrospun RS matrices are highly suitable to culture both, the DRGs and aortic explants and to study the effects of matrix topography on cell migration. This model has a high potential for further endeavor into interactions of nerve and vascular cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantin V Sydoruk
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia.,National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute» - GosNIIGenetika, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lubov I Davydova
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia.,National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute» - GosNIIGenetika, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy V Yastremsky
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia.,Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of FSRC "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir G Debabov
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia.,National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute» - GosNIIGenetika, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir G Bogush
- National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute», Moscow, Russia.,National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute» - GosNIIGenetika, Moscow, Russia
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Shariatzadeh S, Shafiee S, Zafari A, Tayebi T, Yazdanpanah G, Majd A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Bahrami S, Niknejad H. Developing a pro-angiogenic placenta derived amniochorionic scaffold with two exposed basement membranes as substrates for cultivating endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22508. [PMID: 34795361 PMCID: PMC8602627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized and de-epithelialized placenta membranes have widely been used as scaffolds and grafts in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exceptional pro-angiogenic and biomechanical properties and low immunogenicity have made the amniochorionic membrane a unique substrate which provides an enriched niche for cellular growth. Herein, an optimized combination of enzymatic solutions (based on streptokinase) with mechanical scrapping is used to remove the amniotic epithelium and chorion trophoblastic layer, which resulted in exposing the basement membranes of both sides without their separation and subsequent damages to the in-between spongy layer. Biomechanical and biodegradability properties, endothelial proliferation capacity, and in vivo pro-angiogenic capabilities of the substrate were also evaluated. Histological staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for collagen IV, and scanning electron microscope demonstrated that the underlying amniotic and chorionic basement membranes remained intact while the epithelial and trophoblastic layers were entirely removed without considerable damage to basement membranes. The biomechanical evaluation showed that the scaffold is suturable. Proliferation assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction for endothelial adhesion molecules, and IHC demonstrated that both side basement membranes could support the growth of endothelial cells without altering endothelial characteristics. The dorsal skinfold chamber animal model indicated that both side basement membranes could promote angiogenesis. This bi-sided substrate with two exposed surfaces for cultivating various cells would have potential applications in the skin, cardiac, vascularized composite allografts, and microvascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Shariatzadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepehr Shafiee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zafari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Tayebi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alireza Majd
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheyl Bahrami
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology in AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Li H, Song G, Tian W, Ding M, Sun X, Xu J, Dong F, Wang A, Ning P, Yin Y, Wang J. Motility and function of smooth muscle cells in a silk small-caliber tubular scaffold after replacement of rabbit common carotid artery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 114:110977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Xu J, Wang Y, Ding M, Song G, Wu M, Kang Z, Wang J. Sequence-structure characterization of recombinant polypeptides derived from silk fibroin heavy chain. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 111:110831. [PMID: 32279784 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The molecular conformation of a biomedical material plays a major role in the stability, bioactivity and controlled release of drugs. In order to identify the impact of fragments derived from Bombyx mori silk fibroin on their structures and to develop a new strategy for controlling drug release, we designed several hydrophobic-hydrophilic recombinants (GS16F1, GS16F4, and GS16F8), and investigated their molecular conformations and conformational changes induced by different storage temperatures and pH values. The results showed that the α-helix characteristic peaks were prominent in the fresh freeze-dried powder with increasing F1 repeats. During storage at 4 °C, 37 °C or 60 °C, the β-turns (especially in GS16F8) and α-helixes turned into β-sheets. The β-sheet content in the polypeptides increased with increasing temperature and F1 repeats. Following induction by different pH values, their molecular conformations changed significantly, but not the same as that of powder storage. The content of β-sheets was GS16F1 > GS16F4 > GS16F8 near the isoelectric point of each polypeptide. With increasing pH value, the β-sheet content of GS16F1 decreased more slowly compared with GS16F4 and GS16F8. These results were satisfactory for structural regulation in the field of drug controlled release research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Yining Wang
- Division of Bioscience, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mengyao Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Guangzhou Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Mingyang Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Zhao Kang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China
| | - Jiannan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215123, China.
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Cordelle J, Mantero S. Insight on the endothelialization of small silk-based tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Int J Artif Organs 2020; 43:631-644. [DOI: 10.1177/0391398820906547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Along with an increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases, there is a strong need for small-diameter vascular grafts. Silk has been investigated as a biomaterial to develop such grafts thanks to different processing options. Endothelialization was shown to be extremely important to ensure graft patency and there is ongoing research on the development and behavior of endothelial cells on vascular tissue-engineered scaffolds. This article reviews the endothelialization of silk-based scaffolds processed throughout the years as silk non-woven nets, films, gel spun, electrospun, or woven scaffolds. Encouraging results were reported with these scaffolds both in vitro and in vivo when implanted in small- to middle-sized animals. The use of coatings and heparin or sulfur to enhance, respectively, cell adhesion and scaffold hemocompatibility is further presented. Bioreactors also showed their interest to improve cell adhesion and thus promoting in vitro pre-endothelialization of grafts even though they are still not systematically used. Finally, the importance of the animal models used to study the right mechanism of endothelialization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Mantero
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Wang Z, Liu C, Zhu D, Gu X, Xu Y, Qin Q, Dong N, Zhang S, Wang J. Untangling the co-effects of oriented nanotopography and sustained anticoagulation in a biomimetic intima on neovessel remodeling. Biomaterials 2020; 231:119654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Evaluation of the biomedical properties of a Ca+-conjugated silk fibroin porous material. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:110003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Chiu YC, Shen YF, Lee AKX, Lin SH, Wu YC, Chen YW. 3D Printing of Amino Resin-based Photosensitive Materials on Multi-parameter Optimization Design for Vascular Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1394. [PMID: 31450605 PMCID: PMC6780824 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are currently the most common cause of death globally and of which, the golden treatment method for severe cardiovascular diseases or coronary artery diseases are implantations of synthetic vascular grafts. However, such grafts often come with rejections and hypersensitivity reactions. With the emergence of regenerative medicine, researchers are now trying to explore alternative ways to produce grafts that are less likely to induce immunological reactions in patients. The main goal of such studies is to produce biocompatible artificial vascular grafts with the capability of allowing cellular adhesion and cellular proliferation for tissues regeneration. The Design of Experimental concepts is employed into the manufacturing process of digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology to explore near-optimal processing parameters to produce artificial vascular grafts with vascular characteristics that are close to native vessels by assessing for the cause and effect relationships between different ratios of amino resin (AR), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), dopamine, and curing durations. We found that with proper optimization of fabrication procedures and ratios of materials, we are able to successfully fabricate vascular grafts with good printing resolutions. These had similar physical properties to native vessels and were able to support cellular adhesion and proliferation. This study could support future studies in exploring near-optimal processes for fabrication of artificial vascular grafts that could be adapted into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Cheng Chiu
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fang Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- 3D Printing Medical Research Institute, Asia University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Alvin Kai-Xing Lee
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsien Lin
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Wu
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- 3D Printing Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
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11
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Steady-State Behavior and Endothelialization of a Silk-Based Small-Caliber Scaffold In Vivo Transplantation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11081303. [PMID: 31382650 PMCID: PMC6723494 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A silk-based small-caliber tubular scaffold (SFTS), which is fabricated using a regenerated silk fibroin porous scaffold embedding a silk fabric core layer, has been proved to possess good cell compatibility and mechanical properties in vitro. In this study, the endothelialization ability and the steady-state blood flow of SFTSs were evaluated in vivo by implanting and replacing a common carotid artery in a rabbit. The results of the color doppler ultrasound and angiographies showed that the blood flow was circulated in the grafts without aneurysmal dilations or significant stenoses at any time point, and ran stronger and close to the autologous blood vessel from one month after implantation. The SFTSs presented an initial tridimensionality without being distorted or squashed. SEM and immunohistochemistry results showed that a clear and discontinuous endodermis appeared after one month of implantation; when implanted for three months, an endothelial layer fully covered the inner surface of SFTSs. RT-PCR results indicated that the gene expression level of CD31 in SFTSs was 45.8% and 75.3% by that of autologous blood vessels at 3 months and 12 months, respectively. The VEGF gene showed a high expression level that continued to increase after implantation.
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12
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Shi P, Zhang L, Tian W, Li H, Wang Q, Yi H, Yin Y, Wang A, Ning P, Dong F, Wang J. Preparation and anticoagulant activity of functionalised silk fibroin. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Kang Z, Wang Y, Xu J, Song G, Ding M, Zhao H, Wang J. An RGD-Containing Peptide Derived from Wild Silkworm Silk Fibroin Promotes Cell Adhesion and Spreading. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1193. [PMID: 30961118 PMCID: PMC6290608 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD) tripeptide can promote cell adhesion when present in the amino acid of proteins such as fibronectin. In order to demonstrate the bioactivity of an RGD-containing silk protein, a gene encoding the RGD motif-containing peptide GSGAGGRGDGGYGSGSS (⁻RGD⁻) derived from nonmulberry silk was designed and cloned, then multimerised and inserted into a commercial pGEX expression vector for recombinant expression of (⁻RGD⁻)n peptides. Herein, we focus on two glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-tagged fusion proteins, GST⁻(⁻RGD⁻)₄ and GST⁻(⁻RGD⁻)₈, which were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, purified by GST affinity chromatography, and analyzed with sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and mass spectrometry (MS). Target peptides (⁻RGD⁻)₄ and (⁻RGD⁻)₈ (6.03 and 11.5 kDa) were cleaved from the GST-tag by thrombin digestion, as verified with MS and SDS-PAGE. Isoelectric point analysis confirmed that target peptides were expressed and released in accordance with the original design. Target peptides self-assembled into a mainly α-helical structure, as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Furthermore, (⁻RGD⁻)₄ and (⁻RGD⁻)₈ modified mulberry silk fibroin films were more effective for rapid cell adhesion, spreading and proliferative activity of L929 cells than some chemically synthesized RGD peptides modified and mulberry silk lacking the RGD motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Kang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yining Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, No. 111 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jingjing Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Guangzhou Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Mengyao Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Huanrong Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jiannan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, No. 199 Ren-ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China.
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