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Cicolella A, De Rosa C, Sepe E, De Stefano F, Giordano A, Scoti M. The Impact of Regiodefects on the Melt-Memory of Isotactic Polypropylene. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2400233. [PMID: 38777345 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The memory of crystalline phase in the melt of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in regiodefective samples of iPP characterized by different concentrations regiodefects, constituted by secondary 2,1 propene units, is studied. The self-nucleation (SN) experiments have demonstrated that the presence of 2,1 regiodefects produces a strong memory of the crystalline phase in the melt that persists up to temperatures much higher than the melting temperature. The extension of the heterogeneous melt (domain II) containing self-nuclei increases with increasing the concentration of regiodefects. The higher the concentration of regiodefects the higher the temperature at which the self-nuclei are dissolved and the homogeneous melt is achieved. This demonstrates that a strong memory of the crystalline phase of iPP in the melt exists not only in copolymers with noncrystallizable bulky comonomeric units rejected from the crystals but even when small defects are largely included in the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cicolella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale, Largo San Marcellino 10, Napoli, I-80138, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sepe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Italy
| | - Fabio De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Italy
| | - Angelo Giordano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Italy
| | - Miriam Scoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Italy
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Scoti M, De Stefano F, Di Girolamo R, Malafronte A, Talarico G, De Rosa C. Crystallization Behavior and Properties of Propylene/4-Methyl-1-pentene Copolymers from a Metallocene Catalyst. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Scoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rocco Di Girolamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Malafronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Crystallization Behavior of Isotactic Propene-Octene Random Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194032. [PMID: 36235980 PMCID: PMC9572639 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystallization behavior of random propene-octene isotactic copolymers (iPPC8) prepared with a homogeneous metallocene catalyst has been studied. Samples of iPPC8 with low octene content up to about 7 mol% were isothermally crystallized from the melt at various crystallization temperatures. The samples crystallize in mixtures of the α and γ forms of isotactic polypropylene (iPP). The relative amount of γ form increases with increasing crystallization temperature, and a maximum amount of γ form (fγ(max)) is achieved for each sample. The crystallization behavior of iPPC8 copolymers is compared with the crystallization from the melt of propene–ethylene, propene–butene, propene–pentene, and propene–hexene copolymers. The results show that the behavior of iPPC8 copolymers is completely different from those described in the literature for the other copolymers of iPP. In fact, the maximum amount of γ form achieved in samples of different copolymers of iPP generally increases with increasing comonomer content, while in iPPC8 copolymers the maximum amount of γ form decreases with increasing octene content. The different behaviors are discussed based on the inclusion of co-monomeric units in the crystals of α and γ forms of iPP or their exclusion from the crystals. In iPPC8 copolymers, octene units are excluded from the crystals giving only the interruption effect that shortens the length of regular propene sequences, inducing crystallization of the γ form at low octene concentrations, lower than 2 mol%. At higher octene concentration, the crystallization of the kinetically favored α form prevails.
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Melt-Crystallizations of α and γ Forms of Isotactic Polypropylene in Propene-Butene Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183873. [PMID: 36146019 PMCID: PMC9500696 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Random isotactic propene-butene copolymers (iPPC4) of different stereoregularity have been synthesized with three different homogeneous single center metallocene catalysts having different stereoselectivity. All samples crystallize from the polymerization solution in mixtures of α and γ forms, and the relative amount of γ form increases with increasing concentrations of butene and of rr stereodefects. All samples crystallize from the melt in mixtures of α and γ forms and the fraction of γ form increases with decreasing cooling rate. At high cooling rates, the crystallization of the α form is always favored, even for samples that contain high total concentration of defects that should crystallize in the γ form. The results demonstrate that in iPPs containing significant concentrations of defects, such as stereodefects and comonomeric units, the γ form is the thermodynamically stable form of iPP and crystallizes in selective conditions of very slow crystallization, whereas the α form is the kinetically favored form and crystallizes in conditions of fast crystallization.
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Crystallization Behavior of Rapid-Compression-Induced Mesomorphic Isotactic Polypropylene during Uniaxial Stretching at Different Temperatures. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5750961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The uniform bulk mesomorphic iPP is prepared by rapid compression, and its structural evolution under stretching at different temperatures is studied by combining wide-angle X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering. Results show that stretching can induce mesophase to crystallize into α-phase or promote this phase transformation synergistically with temperature, which depends on the selection of stretching temperature. When the temperature is lower than the glass transition temperature of rigid amorphous fraction (RAF), stress could make RAF devitrify firstly and then induce meso-α phase transition during the strain-softening process. As the temperature increases, the high temperature could induce meso-α phase transition to occur before the strain softening, while stretching could promote this transition. When the temperature is higher than a critical value around 100°C, the mesophase can be transformed into α-phase completely during stretching. SAXS results show that all the transformed α-crystal exhibits nodular morphology, and they are ductile with greatly enhanced deformability. Based on the results, a reasonable mechanism of meso-α transformation in the stretching process is proposed, explaining the phase transition that goes through several different steps.
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Di Girolamo R, Cicolella A, Talarico G, Scoti M, De Stefano F, Giordano A, Malafronte A, De Rosa C. Structure and Morphology of Crystalline Syndiotactic Polypropylene-Polyethylene Block Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081534. [PMID: 35458284 PMCID: PMC9031856 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of the structure and morphology of diblock copolymers composed of crystallizable blocks of polyethylene (PE) and syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) having different lengths is reported. In both analyzed samples, the PE block crystallizes first by cooling from the melt (at 130 °C) and the sPP block crystallizes after at a lower temperature. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) recorded during cooling showed three correlation peaks at values of the scattering vector, q1 = 0.12 nm−1, q2 = 0.24 nm−1 and q3 = 0.4 nm−1, indicating development of a lamellar morphology, where lamellar domains of PE and sPP alternate, each domain containing stacks of crystalline lamellae of PE or sPP sandwiched by their own amorphous phase of PE or sPP. At temperatures higher than 120 °C, when only PE crystals are formed, the morphology is defined by the formation of stacks of PE lamellae (17 nm thick) alternating with amorphous layers and with a long period of nearly 52 nm. At lower temperatures, when crystals of sPP are also well-formed, the morphology is more complex. A model of the morphology at room temperature is proposed based on the correlation distances determined from the self-correlation functions extracted from the SAXS data. Lamellar domains of PE (41.5 nm thick) and sPP (8.2 nm thick) alternate, each domain containing stacks of crystalline lamellae sandwiched by their own amorphous phase, forming a global morphology having a total lamellar periodicity of 49.7 nm, characterized by alternating amorphous and crystalline layers, where the crystalline layers are alternatively made of stacks of PE lamellae (22 nm thick) and thinner sPP lamellae (only 3.5 nm thick).
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Di Girolamo R, Santillo C, Malafronte A, Scoti M, De Stefano F, Talarico G, Coates GW, De Rosa C. Structure and morphology of isotactic polypropylene–polyethylene block copolymers prepared with living and stereoselective catalyst. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00197g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Isotactic polypropylene–polyethylene block copolymers prepared with living and stereoselective catalyst allow linking incompatible crystalline polymers giving a lamellar morphology defined by competition between phase separation and crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Di Girolamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Santillo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Malafronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Miriam Scoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Geoffrey W. Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Scoti M, De Stefano F, Di Girolamo R, Talarico G, Malafronte A, De Rosa C. Crystallization of Propene–Pentene Isotactic Copolymers as an Indicator of the General View of the Crystallization Behavior of Isotactic Polypropylene. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Scoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabio De Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rocco Di Girolamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Talarico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Malafronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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Time-resolving small angle X-Ray scattering analysis of melt crystallization of mixtures of regular and irregular isotactic polypropylene samples. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Auriemma F, Scoti M, Di Girolamo R, Malafronte A, De Rosa C, Van Duin M. Effect of stretching on the crystallization of un-crosslinked ethylene/propylene(/diene) random copolymers. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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De Rosa C, Scoti M, Ruiz de Ballesteros O, Di Girolamo R, Auriemma F, Malafronte A. Propylene–Butene Copolymers: Tailoring Mechanical Properties from Isotactic Polypropylene to Polybutene. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Miriam Scoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Odda Ruiz de Ballesteros
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rocco Di Girolamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Finizia Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Malafronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S.Angelo, via Cintia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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De Rosa C, Scoti M, Di Girolamo R, Ballesteros OR, Auriemma F, Malafronte A. Polymorphism in polymers: A tool to tailor material's properties. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo Naples Italy
| | - Miriam Scoti
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo Naples Italy
| | - Rocco Di Girolamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo Naples Italy
| | - Odda Ruiz Ballesteros
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo Naples Italy
| | - Finizia Auriemma
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo Naples Italy
| | - Anna Malafronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze ChimicheUniversità di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo Naples Italy
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Lin Y, Li X, Chen X, An M, Zhang Q, Wang D, Chen W, Sun L, Yin P, Meng L, Li L. Structural evolution of hard-elastic polyethylene cast film in temperature-strain space: An in-situ SAXS and WAXS study. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nishitsuji S, Watanabe Y, Takebe T, Fujii N, Okano M, Takenaka M. X-ray scattering study on the changes in the morphology of low-modulus polypropylene under cyclic uniaxial elongation. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Song Y, Yang P, Jiang K, Zhang W. Force‐induced melting of a single polyethylene oxide chain from single crystal: Molecular behavior and influencing factors. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of ChemistryJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun P. R. China
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of ChemistryJilin University Changchun P. R. China
| | - Ke Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of ChemistryJilin University Changchun P. R. China
| | - Wenke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of ChemistryJilin University Changchun P. R. China
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Song Y, Ma Z, Yang P, Zhang X, Lyu X, Jiang K, Zhang W. Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy Study on Force-Induced Melting in Polymer Single Crystals: The Chain Conformation Matters. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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