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Rêgo AS, Filipe L, Dias RA, Alves FS, Queiroz J, Ainla A, Arruda LM, Fangueiro R, Bouçanova M, Bernardes RA, de Sousa LB, Santos-Costa P, Apóstolo JA, Parreira P, Salgueiro-Oliveira A. End-User Assessment of an Innovative Clothing-Based Sensor Developed for Pressure Injury Prevention: A Mixed-Method Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20054039. [PMID: 36901051 PMCID: PMC10001934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate a clothing prototype that incorporates sensors for the evaluation of pressure, temperature, and humidity for the prevention of pressure injuries, namely regarding physical and comfort requirements. A mixed-method approach was used with concurrent quantitative and qualitative data triangulation. A structured questionnaire was applied before a focus group of experts to evaluate the sensor prototypes. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the discourse of the collective subject, followed by method integration and meta-inferences. Nine nurses, experts in this topic, aged 32.66 ± 6.28 years and with a time of profession of 10.88 ± 6.19 years, participated in the study. Prototype A presented low evaluation in stiffness (1.56 ± 1.01) and roughness (2.11 ± 1.17). Prototype B showed smaller values in dimension (2.77 ± 0.83) and stiffness (3.00 ± 1.22). Embroidery was assessed as inadequate in terms of stiffness (1.88 ± 1.05) and roughness (2.44 ± 1.01). The results from the questionnaires and focus groups' show low adequacy as to stiffness, roughness, and comfort. The participants highlighted the need for improvements regarding stiffness and comfort, suggesting new proposals for the development of sensors for clothing. The main conclusions are that Prototype A presented the lowest average scores relative to rigidity (1.56 ± 1.01), considered inadequate. This dimension of Prototype B was evaluated as slightly adequate (2.77 ± 0.83). The rigidity (1.88 ± 1.05) of Prototype A + B + embroidery was evaluated as inadequate. The prototype revealed clothing sensors with low adequacy regarding the physical requirements, such as stiffness or roughness. Improvements are needed regarding the stiffness and roughness for the safety and comfort characteristics of the device evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson S. Rêgo
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Filipe
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosana A. Dias
- International Iberian Laboratory of Nanotechnology (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipe S. Alves
- International Iberian Laboratory of Nanotechnology (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - José Queiroz
- International Iberian Laboratory of Nanotechnology (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Alar Ainla
- International Iberian Laboratory of Nanotechnology (INL), 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Luísa M. Arruda
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Raul Fangueiro
- Fibrenamics, Institute of Innovation on Fibre-Based Materials and Composites, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
- Centre for Textile Science and Technology (2C2T), University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Maria Bouçanova
- Impetus Portugal-Têxteis Sa (IMPETUS), 4740-696 Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Rafael A. Bernardes
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana B. de Sousa
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Santos-Costa
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João A. Apóstolo
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Parreira
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela Salgueiro-Oliveira
- Health Sciences Research Unit: Nursing (UICISA: E), Nursing School of Coimbra (ESEnfC), 3000-232 Coimbra, Portugal
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He J, Wen X, Wu L, Chen H, Hu J, Hou X. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma for nanomaterials: Fabrication, modification and analytical applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Improvement of the Uniformity and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline Nanocomposite Film by Addition of Auxiliary Gases during Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Polymerization. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092315. [PMID: 34578629 PMCID: PMC8470507 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The morphological and chemical properties of polyaniline (PANI) nanocomposite films after adding small amounts of auxiliary gases such as argon, nitrogen, and oxygen during atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma polymerization are investigated in detail. A separate gas-supply line for applying an auxiliary gas is added to the AP plasma polymerization system to avoid plasma instability due to the addition of auxiliary gas during polymerization. A small amount of neutral gas species in the plasma medium can reduce the reactivity of monomers hyperactivated by high plasma energy and prevent excessive crosslinking, thereby obtaining a uniform and regular PANI nanocomposite film. The addition of small amounts of argon or nitrogen during polymerization significantly improves the uniformity and regularity of PANI nanocomposite films, whereas the addition of oxygen weakens them. In particular, the PANI film synthesized by adding a small amount of nitrogen has the best initial electrical resistance and resistance changing behavior with time after the ex situ iodine (I2)-doping process compared with other auxiliary gases. In addition, it is experimentally demonstrated that the electrical conductivity of the ex situ I2-doped PANI film can be preserved for a long time by isolating it from the atmosphere.
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Yang X, Liu S, Zhao Z, He Z, Lin T, Zhao Y, Li G, Qu J, Huang L, Peng X, Liu D. A facile, clean construction of biphilic surface on filter paper via atmospheric air plasma for highly efficient separation of water-in-oil emulsions. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Onggar T, Kruppke I, Cherif C. Techniques and Processes for the Realization of Electrically Conducting Textile Materials from Intrinsically Conducting Polymers and Their Application Potential. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122867. [PMID: 33266078 PMCID: PMC7761229 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review will give an overview on functional conducting polymers, while focusing on the integration of intrinsically conducting, i.e., self-conducting, polymers for creating electrically conducting textile materials. Thus, different conduction mechanisms as well as achievable electrical properties will be introduced. First, essential polymers will be described individually, and secondly, techniques and processes for the realization of electrically conducting textile products in addition to their application potential will be presented.
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Polymerization of Solid-State Aminophenol to Polyaniline Derivative Using a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma. PLASMA 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/plasma3040014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a method to prepare polyaminophenol from solid-state aminophenol monomers using atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma. The polymerizations of o-aminophenol and m-aminophenol are studied. The polymers were analyzed via Fourier-Transform inferred spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The kinetics of the polymerization reactions were investigated by using UV-vis and the polymerization was found to be first-order for both o-aminophenol and m-aminophenol. The resulting polymer film exhibits a conductivity of 1.0 × 10−5 S/m for poly-o-aminophenol (PoAP) and 2.3 × 10−5 S/m for poly-m-aminophenol (PmAP), which are two orders more conductive than undoped (~10−7 S/m) polyaniline (PANI), The PoAP has a quinoid structure and the PmAP has an open ring keto-derivative structure. The process provides a simple method of preparing conductive polyaminophenol films.
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Characterization of polyaniline thin films prepared on polyethylene terephthalate substrate. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jang HJ, Park CS, Jung EY, Bae GT, Shin BJ, Tae HS. Synthesis and Properties of Thiophene and Aniline Copolymer Using Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets Copolymerization Technique. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102225. [PMID: 32998239 PMCID: PMC7600435 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates the properties of thiophene and aniline copolymer (TAC) films deposited by using atmospheric pressure plasma jets copolymerization technique relative to various blending ratios of aniline and thiophene monomer for synthesizing the donor–acceptor conjugated copolymers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy are utilized to measure the surface morphology, roughness and film thickness of TAC films. Structural and chemical properties of TAC films are investigated by Fourier transforms-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. FE-SEM images show that the film thickness and nanoparticles size of the TAC films increase with an addition thiophene monomer in the aniline monomer. FE-SEM, FT-IR results show that TAC films are successfully synthesized on glass substrates in all cases. The iodine doped TAC film on the Si substrate with interdigitated electrodes shows the lowest electrical resistance at blending condition of thiophene of 25%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jun Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.J.J.); (E.Y.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.J.J.); (E.Y.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Gyu Tae Bae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.J.J.); (E.Y.J.); (G.T.B.)
| | - Bhum Jae Shin
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.J.J.); (E.Y.J.); (G.T.B.)
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-950-6563
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Chen PY, Hung HL, Han CC, Chiu HC. Correlation between Nanoscale Elasticity, Semiconductivity, and Structural Order in Functionalized Polyaniline Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4153-4164. [PMID: 32216355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between structural order, elasticity, and semiconductivity for butylthio-functionalized polyaniline (PANI-SBu) thin films was investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based techniques with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After different stirring times, the thin films were cast from the solution of PANI-SBu in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone that was continuously stirred at a constant rate of 150 rpm in an airtight round-bottom flask. According to the XRD and SEM results, the cross-sectional film structure evolved from being generally holey to highly lamellar with an increase in the stirring time. However, some new types of disordered structures began emerging beyond the optimal stirring time, possibly caused by the formation of disordered packing structures as contributed from the overoxidized polyaniline backbones during the additional stirring time. Moreover, according to the investigation results obtained using AFM-based techniques, the out-of-plane elastic moduli and charge mobilities of the PANI-SBu films were consistently smaller for disordered thin films and larger for structurally more ordered ones. The shear force resulting from the mechanical stirring of the PANI-SBu solution may gradually disentangle the polymer chains and thus help transform the individual polyaniline molecule from a coil-like chain conformation to a better extended rodlike chain conformation. Therefore, when cast into a film, the stretched polymer chains facilitate self-organization among the PANI-SBu backbones during the film formation process. Thus, an improved structural order in the film is attained. Our results demonstrate an unambiguous correlation between the structure order, elasticity, and conductivity in PANI-SBu thin films, which may have useful applications in conducting polymer-based flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yen Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, Republic of China
| | - Hua-Li Hung
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Chung Han
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300, Republic of China
| | - Hsiang-Chih Chiu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, Republic of China
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Shin JG, Park CS, Jung EY, Shin BJ, Tae HS. Synthesis of a Polyaniline Nanoparticle Using a Solution Plasma Process with an Ar Gas Bubble Channel. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E105. [PMID: 30960089 PMCID: PMC6401735 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This work researched polymerization of liquid aniline monomer by solution plasma with a gas bubble channel and investigated characteristics of solution plasma and polyaniline (PANI). The injected gas bubble channel in the proposed solution plasma process (SPP) played a significant role in producing a stable discharge in liquid aniline monomer at a low voltage and furthermore enhancing the contact surface area between liquid aniline monomer and plasma, thereby achieving polymerization on the boundary of the liquid aniline monomer and plasma. Solution plasma properties were analyzed with voltage⁻current, optical emission spectroscopy, and high-speed camera. Conductivity, percentage yield, and firing voltage of PANI nanoparticle dispersed solution were measured. To investigate the characteristics of synthesized PANI nanoparticles, field emission scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, selective area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography, ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR), and X-ray photo spectroscopy (XPS) were examined. The FTIR, ¹H-NMR, and XPS analysis showed the PANI characteristic peaks with evidence that some quinoid and benzene rings were broken by the solution plasma process with a gas bubble channel. The results indicate that PANI nanoparticles have a spherical shape with a size between 25 and 35 nm. The SAED pattern shows the amorphous pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Goo Shin
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Choon-Sang Park
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Eun Young Jung
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Bhum Jae Shin
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea.
| | - Heung-Sik Tae
- School of Electronics Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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