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Karthäuser JF, Gruhn D, Martínez Guajardo A, Kopecz R, Babel N, Stervbo U, Laschewsky A, Viebahn R, Salber J, Rosenhahn A. In vitro biocompatibility analysis of protein-resistant amphiphilic polysulfobetaines as coatings for surgical implants in contact with complex body fluids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1403654. [PMID: 39086500 PMCID: PMC11288920 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1403654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The fouling resistance of zwitterionic coatings is conventionally explained by the strong hydrophilicity of such polymers. Here, the in vitro biocompatibility of a set of systematically varied amphiphilic, zwitterionic copolymers is investigated. Photocrosslinkable, amphiphilic copolymers containing hydrophilic sulfobetaine methacrylate (SPe) and butyl methacrylate (BMA) were systematically synthesized in different ratios (50:50, 70:30, and 90:10) with a fixed content of photo-crosslinker by free radical copolymerization. The copolymers were spin-coated onto substrates and subsequently photocured by UV irradiation. Pure pBMA and pSPe as well as the prepared amphiphilic copolymers showed BMA content-dependent wettability in the dry state, but overall hydrophilic properties a fortiori in aqueous conditions. All polysulfobetaine-containing copolymers showed high resistance against non-specific adsorption (NSA) of proteins, platelet adhesion, thrombocyte activation, and bacterial accumulation. In some cases, the amphiphilic coatings even outperformed the purely hydrophilic pSPe coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana F. Karthäuser
- Analytical Chemistry—Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dierk Gruhn
- Experimental Surgery, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Regina Kopecz
- Analytical Chemistry—Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Richard Viebahn
- Department of Surgery, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jochen Salber
- Experimental Surgery, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Surgery, Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry—Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Das S, Banerjee A, Roy S, Mallick T, Maiti S, De P. Zwitterionic Polysulfobetaine Inhibits Cancer Cell Migration Owing to Actin Cytoskeleton Dynamics. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:144-153. [PMID: 38150303 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential dynamic process for most living cells, mainly driven by the reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. To control actin dynamics, a molecular architecture that can serve as a nucleator has been designed by polymerizing sulfobetaine methacrylate. The synthesized zwitterionic polymer, poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PZI), effectively nucleates the polymerization process of G-actin and substantially accelerates the rate of polymerization. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and bioinformatics analysis indicated binding between PZI and monomeric G-actin. Thus, in vitro actin dynamics was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), pyrene-actin polymerization assay, and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). Furthermore, a 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) fluorophore-containing monomeric unit was incorporated into the sulfobetaine zwitterionic architecture to visualize the effect of polymer in the cellular environment. The BODIPY-containing zwitterionic sulfobetaine polymer (PZI-F) successfully penetrated the cell and remained in the lysosome with minimal cytotoxicity. Confocal microscopy revealed the influence of this polymer on the cellular actin cytoskeleton dynamics. The PZI-F polymer was successfully able to inhibit the collective migration of the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cell) and breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231 cell), as confirmed by a wound healing assay. Therefore, polyzwitterionic sulfobetaine could be explored as an inhibitor of cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Arnab Banerjee
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Subhadip Roy
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Tamanna Mallick
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Sankar Maiti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741246, India
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3
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Ko JH, Forsythe NL, Gelb MB, Messina KMM, Lau UY, Bhattacharya A, Olafsen T, Lee JT, Kelly KA, Maynard HD. Safety and Biodistribution Profile of Poly(styrenyl acetal trehalose) and Its Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Conjugate. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3383-3395. [PMID: 35767465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poly(styrenyl acetal trehalose) (pSAT), composed of trehalose side chains linked to a polystyrene backbone via acetals, stabilizes a variety of proteins and enzymes against fluctuations in temperature. A promising application of pSAT is conjugation of the polymer to therapeutic proteins to reduce renal clearance. To explore this possibility, the safety of the polymer was first studied. Investigation of acute toxicity of pSAT in mice showed that there were no adverse effects of the polymer at a high (10 mg/kg) concentration. The immune response (antipolymer antibody and cytokine production) in mice was also studied. No significant antipolymer IgG was detected for pSAT, and only a transient and low level of IgM was elicited. pSAT was also safe in terms of cytokine response. The polymer was then conjugated to a granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), a therapeutic protein that is approved by the Federal Drug Administration, in order to study the biodistribution of a pSAT conjugate. A site-selective, two-step synthesis approach was developed for efficient conjugate preparation for the biodistribution study resulting in 90% conjugation efficiency. The organ distribution of GCSF-pSAT was measured by positron emission tomography and compared to controls GCSF and GCSF-poly(ethylene glycol), which confirmed that the trehalose polymer conjugate improved the in vivo half-life of the protein by reducing renal clearance. These findings suggest that trehalose styrenyl polymers are promising for use in therapeutic protein-polymer conjugates for reduced renal clearance of the biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hoon Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil L Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Madeline B Gelb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kathryn M M Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Uland Y Lau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Arvind Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tove Olafsen
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jason T Lee
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kathleen A Kelly
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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4
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Ding Z, Chen C, Yu Y, de Beer S. Synthetic strategies to enhance the long-term stability of polymer brush coatings. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2430-2443. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-density, end-anchored macromolecules that form so-called polymer brushes are popular components of bio-inspired surface coatings. In a bio-memetic approach, they have been utilized to reduce friction, repel contamination and control...
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Schardt L, Martínez Guajardo A, Koc J, Clarke JL, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Gardner H, Swain GW, Hunsucker K, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Low Fouling Polysulfobetaines with Variable Hydrophobic Content. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100589. [PMID: 34734670 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polymer coatings combining hydrophilic elements, in particular zwitterionic groups, and hydrophobic elements comprise a promising strategy to decrease biofouling. However, the influence of the content of the hydrophobic component in zwitterionic coatings on the interfacial molecular reorganization dynamics and the anti-fouling performance is not well understood. Therefore, coatings of amphiphilic copolymers of sulfobetaine methacrylate 3-[N-2'-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl-N,N-dimethyl]-ammonio propane-1-sulfonate (SPE) are prepared which contain increasing amounts of hydrophobic n-butyl methacrylate (BMA). Their fouling resistance is compared to that of their homopolymers PSPE and PBMA. The photo-crosslinked coatings form hydrogel films with a hydrophilic surface. Fouling by the proteins fibrinogen and lysozyme as well as by the diatom Navicula perminuta and the green algae Ulva linza is assessed in laboratory assays. While biofouling is strongly reduced by all zwitterionic coatings, the best fouling resistance is obtained for the amphiphilic copolymers. Also in preliminary field tests, the anti-fouling performance of the amphiphilic copolymer films is superior to that of both homopolymers. When the coatings are exposed to a marine environment, the reduced susceptibility to silt incorporation, in particular compared to the most hydrophilic polyzwitterion PSPE, likely contributes to the improved fouling resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schardt
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jessica L Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Kelli Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion and Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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6
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Zhang C, Zhou J, Ye X, Li Z, Wang Y. Zwitterionization of Tertiary Amines in Nanoporous Block Copolymers: toward Fouling-Resistant Ultrafiltration Membranes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jiemei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816 Jiangsu, P. R. China
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7
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Schönemann E, Koc J, Karthäuser JF, Özcan O, Schanzenbach D, Schardt L, Rosenhahn A, Laschewsky A. Sulfobetaine Methacrylate Polymers of Unconventional Polyzwitterion Architecture and Their Antifouling Properties. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1494-1508. [PMID: 33709699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Combining high hydrophilicity with charge neutrality, polyzwitterions are intensely explored for their high biocompatibility and low-fouling properties. Recent reports indicated that in addition to charge neutrality, the zwitterion's segmental dipole orientation is an important factor for interacting with the environment. Accordingly, a series of polysulfobetaines with a novel architecture was designed, in which the cationic and anionic groups of the zwitterionic moiety are placed at equal distances from the backbone. They were investigated by in vitro biofouling assays, covering proteins of different charges and model marine organisms. All polyzwitterion coatings reduced the fouling effectively compared to model polymer surfaces of poly(butyl methacrylate), with a nearly equally good performance as the reference polybetaine poly(3-(N-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio)propanesulfonate). The specific fouling resistance depended on the detailed chemical structure of the polyzwitterions. Still, while clearly affecting the performance, the precise dipole orientation of the sulfobetaine group in the polyzwitterions seems overall to be only of secondary importance for their antifouling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jana F Karthäuser
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Onur Özcan
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Schanzenbach
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lisa Schardt
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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8
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Koc J, Schönemann E, Wanka R, Aldred N, Clare AS, Gardner H, Swain GW, Hunsucker K, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Effects of crosslink density in zwitterionic hydrogel coatings on their antifouling performance and susceptibility to silt uptake. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:646-659. [PMID: 32718200 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1796983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel coatings effectively reduce the attachment of proteins and organisms in laboratory assays, in particular when made from zwitterionic monomers. In field experiments with multiple species and non-living material, such coatings suffer from adsorption of particulate matter. In this study, the zwitterionic monomer 3-[N-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)-N,N-dimethylammonio] propanesulfonate (SPE) was copolymerized with increasing amounts of the photo-crosslinker benzophenon-4-yloxyethyl methacrylate (BPEMA) to systematically alter the density of crosslinks between the polymer chains. The effect of increasing crosslink density on the antifouling (AF) performance of the coatings was investigated in laboratory assays and fields tests. In both cases, the AF performance was improved by increasing the crosslinker content. The coatings reduced protein, diatom, and barnacle accumulation, and showed better resistance to biomass accumulation. The findings underline that the marine AF performance of hydrogel coatings does not only depend on the specific chemical structure of the polymers, but also on their physico-chemical properties such as rigidity and swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eric Schönemann
- Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Robin Wanka
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Harrison Gardner
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Kelli Hunsucker
- Center for Corrosion & Biofouling, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - Andre Laschewsky
- Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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9
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Bukusoglu E, Koku H, Çulfaz-Emecen PZ. Addressing challenges in the ultrafiltration of biomolecules from complex aqueous environments. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Barcelos LM, Borges MG, Soares CJ, Menezes MS, Huynh V, Logan MG, Fugolin APP, Pfeifer CS. Effect of the photoinitiator system on the polymerization of secondary methacrylamides of systematically varied structure for dental adhesive applications. Dent Mater 2020; 36:468-477. [PMID: 32005546 PMCID: PMC7200046 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the photoinitiator system on the polymerization kinetics of methacrylamide-based monomers as alternatives to methacrylates in adhesives dental-based materials. METHODS In total, 16 groups were tested. Monofunctional monomers (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) - HEMA; (2-hydroxy-1-ethyl methacrylate) -2EMATE, (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylamide) - HEMAM; and (N-(1-hydroxybutan-2-yl) methacrylamide) -2EM; were combined with bifunctional monomers containing the same polymerizing moieties as the monofunctional counterparts (HEMA-BDI; 2EMATE-BDI; HEMAM-BDI; and 2EM-BDI) at 50/50 M ratios. BHT was used as inhibitor (0.1 wt%) and the photoinitiators used were: CQ + EDMAB (0.2/0.8), BAPO (0.2), IVOCERIN (0.2), and DMPA (0.2), in wt%. The polymerization kinetics were monitored using Near-IR spectroscopy (∼6165 cm-1) in real-time while the specimens were photoactivated with a mercury arc lamp (Acticure 2; 320-500 nm, 300 mW/cm2) for 5 min, and maximum rate of polymerization (Rpmax, in %.s-̄1), degree of conversion at Rpmax (DC@Rpmax, in %), and the final degree of conversion (Final DC, in %) were calculated (n = 3). Initial viscosity was measured with an oscillating rheometer (n = 3). Data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA for the polymerization kinetics and one-way ANOVA for the viscosity. Multiple comparisons were made using the Tukey's test (∝ = 0.05). RESULTS There was statistically significant interaction between monomer and photoinitiator (p < 0.001). For the methacrylates groups, the highest Rpmax was observed for HEMA + DMPA and 2EMATE + BAPO. For methacrylamides groups, the highest Rpmax were observed for HEMAM and 2EM, both with DMPA. Final DC was higher for the methacrylate groups, in comparison with methacrylamide groups, independent of the photoinitiators. However, for the methacrylamide groups, the association with BAPO led to the lowest values of DC. In terms of DC@Rpmax, methacrylate-based systems showed significantly higher values than methacrylamide formulations. DMPA and Ivocerin led to higher values than CQ/EDMAB and BAPO in methacrylamide-based compounds. BAPO systems showed de lowest values for both HEMA and HEMAM formulations. For the viscosity (Pa.s), only 2EM had higher values (1.60 ± 0.15) in comparison with all monomers. In conclusion, polymerization kinetics was affected by the photoinitiators for both monomers. Viscosity was significantly increased with the use of secondary methacrylamide. SIGNIFICANCE this work demonstrated the feasibility of using newly-synthesized methacrylamide monomers in conjunction with a series of initiator systems already used in commercial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Barcelos
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - M G Borges
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - C J Soares
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - M S Menezes
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Brazil
| | - V Huynh
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - M G Logan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - A P P Fugolin
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States
| | - C S Pfeifer
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, United States.
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Lim J, Matsuoka H, Saruwatari Y. Effects of pH on the Stimuli-Responsive Characteristics of Double Betaine Hydrophilic Block Copolymer PGLBT- b-PSPE. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:1727-1736. [PMID: 31983203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the pH-responsive behavior of the carboxybetaine-sulfobetaine diblock copolymer poly(2-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethylammonio)acetate-block-3-((2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethylammonio)propane-1-sulfonate (PGLBT-b-PSPE) in aqueous solution under varying temperatures. Alongside the temperature-responsive PSPE block which induces self-assembly of polymer micelles under the upper critical solution temperature, the PGLBT motifs having protonation sites caused additional changes in the phase behaviors. In acidic conditions where the pH is lower than the pKa of PGLBT-b-PSPE, the transmittance of polymer solutions more abruptly dropped and became cloudy at higher temperatures compared to the case of salt-free solutions. There were two simultaneous diffusive modes in the turbid solutions equivalent to unimers or micelles and large aggregates over a few hundred nanometers. Unlike in neutral and basic conditions, those large aggregates did not disappear after the emergence of the polymer micelles. The trend of the temperature-responsive behavior hardly changed in the alkaline solutions; however, the critical temperature significantly decreased. The surface charge of the unimers and self-assembled objects determined by zeta potential measurement varied from neutral or negative to positive with proton addition and further positively increased below the micelle formation temperature. This indicates the cationization of PGLBT moieties and their arrangement in the outer layer of the polymer micelle surface. In spite of the positively charged outer surface, two fast and slow diffusive modes representing micelles and large clusters were repeatedly observed in acidic solutions, and to some extent, size-grown particles eventually precipitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lim
- Department of Polymer Chemistry , Kyoto University , Katsura , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Hideki Matsuoka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry , Kyoto University , Katsura , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510 , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Saruwatari
- Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Ltd. , 7-20 Azuchi-machi, 1chome , Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0052 , Japan
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12
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Schönemann E, Koc J, Aldred N, Clare AS, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A, Wischerhoff E. Synthesis of Novel Sulfobetaine Polymers with Differing Dipole Orientations in Their Side Chains, and Their Effects on the Antifouling Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900447. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry Universität Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24‐25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry ‐ Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Nick Aldred
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Anthony S. Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - André Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry Universität Potsdam Karl‐Liebknecht‐Str. 24‐25 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP Geiselbergstr. 69 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry ‐ Biointerfaces Ruhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Erik Wischerhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP 14476 Potsdam‐Golm Germany
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13
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Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P, Laschewsky A. Switch It Inside-Out: "Schizophrenic" Behavior of All Thermoresponsive UCST-LCST Diblock Copolymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9660-9676. [PMID: 31314540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This feature article reviews our recent advancements on the synthesis, phase behavior, and micellar structures of diblock copolymers consisting of oppositely thermoresponsive blocks in aqueous environments. These copolymers combine a nonionic block, which shows lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, with a zwitterionic block that exhibits an upper critical solution temperature (UCST). The transition temperature of the latter class of polymers is strongly controlled by its molar mass and by the salt concentration, in contrast to the rather invariant transition of nonionic polymers with type II LCST behavior such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) or poly(N-isopropyl methacrylamide). This allows for implementing the sequence of the UCST and LCST transitions of the polymers at will by adjusting either molecular or, alternatively, physical parameters. Depending on the location of the transition temperatures of both blocks, different switching scenarios are realized from micelles to inverse micelles, namely via the molecularly dissolved state, the aggregated state, or directly. In addition to studies of (semi)dilute aqueous solutions, highly concentrated systems have also been explored, namely water-swollen thin films. Concerning applications, we discuss the possible use of the diblock copolymers as "smart" nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie/Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie/Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department , Technische Universität München , James-Franck-Straße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) , Lichtenbergstraße 1 , 85748 Garching , Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie , Universität Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht straße 24-25 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP , Geiselbergstraße 69 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
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14
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Schönemann E, Laschewsky A, Wischerhoff E, Koc J, Rosenhahn A. Surface Modification by Polyzwitterions of the Sulfabetaine-Type, and Their Resistance to Biofouling. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1014. [PMID: 31181764 PMCID: PMC6631746 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Films of zwitterionic polymers are increasingly explored for conferring fouling resistance to materials. Yet, the structural diversity of polyzwitterions is rather limited so far, and clear structure-property relationships are missing. Therefore, we synthesized a series of new polyzwitterions combining ammonium and sulfate groups in their betaine moieties, so-called poly(sulfabetaine)s. Their chemical structures were varied systematically, the monomers carrying methacrylate, methacrylamide, or styrene moieties as polymerizable groups. High molar mass homopolymers were obtained by free radical polymerization. Although their solubilities in most solvents were very low, brine and lower fluorinated alcohols were effective solvents in most cases. A set of sulfabetaine copolymers containing about 1 mol % (based on the repeat units) of reactive benzophenone methacrylate was prepared, spin-coated onto solid substrates, and photo-cured. The resistance of these films against the nonspecific adsorption by two model proteins (bovine serum albumin-BSA, fibrinogen) was explored, and directly compared with a set of references. The various polyzwitterions reduced protein adsorption strongly compared to films of poly(nbutyl methacrylate) that were used as a negative control. The poly(sulfabetaine)s showed generally even somewhat higher anti-fouling activity than their poly(sulfobetaine) analogues, though detailed efficacies depended on the individual polymer-protein pairs. Best samples approach the excellent performance of a poly(oligo(ethylene oxide) methacrylate) reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry, University Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - André Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry, University Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Erik Wischerhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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15
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Koc J, Simovich T, Schönemann E, Chilkoti A, Gardner H, Swain GW, Hunsucker K, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Sediment challenge to promising ultra-low fouling hydrophilic surfaces in the marine environment. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:454-462. [PMID: 31088166 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1611790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilic coatings exhibit ultra-low fouling properties in numerous laboratory experiments. In stark contrast, the antifouling effect of such coatings in vitro failed when performing field tests in the marine environment. The fouling release performance of nonionic and zwitterionic hydrophilic polymers was substantially reduced compared to the controlled laboratory environment. Microscopy and spectroscopy revealed that a large proportion of the accumulated material in field tests contains inorganic compounds and diatomaceous soil. Diatoms adhered to the accumulated material on the coating, but not to the pristine polymer. Simulating field tests in the laboratory using sediment samples collected from the test sites showed that incorporated sand and diatomaceous earth impairs the fouling release characteristics of the coatings. When exposed to marine sediment from multiple locations, particulate matter accumulated on these coatings and served as attachment points for diatom adhesion and enhanced fouling. Future developments of hydrophilic coatings should consider accumulated sediment and its potential impact on the antifouling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koc
- a Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Tomer Simovich
- a Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
| | - Eric Schönemann
- b Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam , Potsdam , Germany
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- c Biomedical Engineering , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Harrison Gardner
- d Center for Corrosion & Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne , FL , USA
| | - Geoffrey W Swain
- d Center for Corrosion & Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne , FL , USA
| | - Kelli Hunsucker
- d Center for Corrosion & Biofouling Control, Florida Institute of Technology , Melbourne , FL , USA
| | - André Laschewsky
- b Institute of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam , Potsdam , Germany
- e Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP , Potsdam , Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- a Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces, Ruhr University Bochum , Bochum , Germany
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16
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Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Molecular Design of Zwitterionic Polymer Interfaces: Searching for the Difference. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1056-1071. [PMID: 30048142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of zwitterionic compounds in nature has incited their frequent use in designing biomimetic materials. Therefore, zwitterionic polymers are a thriving field. A particular interest for this particular polymer class has currently focused on their use in establishing neutral, low-fouling surfaces. After highlighting strategies to prepare model zwitterionic surfaces as well as those that are more suitable for practical purposes relying strongly on radical polymerization methods, we present recent efforts to diversify the structure of the hitherto quite limited variety of zwitterionic monomers and of the derived polymers. We identify key structural variables, consider their influence on essential properties such as overall hydrophilicity and long-term stability, and discuss promising targets for the synthesis of new variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Laschewsky
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam , Karl-Liebknechtstr. 24-25 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP , Geiselbergstr. 69 , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytische Chemie-Biogrenzflächen , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstr. 150 NC , 44801 Bochum , Germany
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Koc J, Schönemann E, Amuthalingam A, Clarke J, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Laschewsky A, Rosenhahn A. Low-Fouling Thin Hydrogel Coatings Made of Photo-Cross-Linked Polyzwitterions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1552-1562. [PMID: 30376714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although zwitterionic chemistries are among the most promising materials for producing nonfouling surfaces, their structural diversity has been low until now. Here, we compare the in vitro fouling behavior of a set of four systematically varied sulfa-/sulfobetaine-containing zwitterionic hydrogel coatings against a series of proteins and nonmotile as well as motile marine organisms as model foulers. The coatings are prepared by simultaneous photoinduced cross-linking and surface anchoring to elucidate the effect of the molecular structure of the zwitterionic moieties on their antifouling activity. Analogously prepared coatings of poly(butyl methacrylate) and poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) serve as references. Photoreactive polymers are synthesized by the statistical copolymerization of sulfobetaine or sulfabetaine methacrylates and methacrylamides with a benzophenone derivative of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and are applied as a thin film coating. While keeping the density of the zwitterionic and cross-linker groups constant, the molecular structure of the zwitterionic side chains is varied systematically, as is the arrangement of the ion pairs in the side chain by changing the classical linear geometry to a novel Y-shaped geometry. All of the polyzwitterions strongly reduce fouling compared to poly(butyl methacrylate). Overall, the sulfabetaine polyzwitterion coatings studied matches the high antifouling effectiveness of oligo(ethylene glycol)-based ones used as a control. Nevertheless, performances varied individually for a given pair of polymer and fouler. The case of the polysulfobetaines exemplifies that minor chemical changes in the polymer structure affect the antifouling performance markedly. Accordingly, the antifouling performance of such polymers cannot be correlated simply to the type of zwitterion used (which could be generally ranked as better performing or poorer performing) but is a result of the polymer's precise chemical structure. Our findings underline the need to enlarge the existing structural diversity of polyzwitterions for antifouling purposes to optimize the potential of their chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Koc
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces , Ruhr University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Eric Schönemann
- Department of Chemistry , University Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Ajitha Amuthalingam
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces , Ruhr University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Jessica Clarke
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , United Kingdom
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , United Kingdom
| | - Andre Laschewsky
- Department of Chemistry , University Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research IAP , 14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Axel Rosenhahn
- Analytical Chemistry - Biointerfaces , Ruhr University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
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18
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Baggerman J, Smulders MMJ, Zuilhof H. Romantic Surfaces: A Systematic Overview of Stable, Biospecific, and Antifouling Zwitterionic Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1072-1084. [PMID: 30620199 PMCID: PMC6365910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This Feature Article focuses on recent advances in the bioconjugation of surface-bound zwitterionic polymers for biospecific antifouling surfaces. Various approaches for the functionalization of antifouling zwitterionic polymers are systematically investigated, such as chain-end and side-chain functionalization. Side-chain functionalization methods can be further classified as those that are achieved through homopolymerization of custom-synthesized zwitterionic monomers equipped with reactive groups, or those that are achieved via synthesis of random or block copolymers combining different monomers with antifouling functionality and others with reactive groups. Several of the pros and cons of these approaches are outlined and discussed. Finally, some perspective and future directions of research are presented toward long-term stable, generically repelling surfaces that strongly and specifically adhere to a single component in a complex mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Baggerman
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M. J. Smulders
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300350, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King
Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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