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Bio-based polyamide nanocomposites of nanoclay, carbon nanotubes and graphene: a review. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-023-01164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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2
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Zhou X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang G, Liu Y, Gao C. Preparation and properties of flame retardant biobased polyamide elastomer with shape memory. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong eco Chemical Collaborative Innovation Center Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong eco Chemical Collaborative Innovation Center Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong eco Chemical Collaborative Innovation Center Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong eco Chemical Collaborative Innovation Center Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yuetao Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong eco Chemical Collaborative Innovation Center Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Chuanhui Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong eco Chemical Collaborative Innovation Center Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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Samantaray SK, Satapathy BK. On the crystal growth kinetics of ultra‐toughened biobased polyamide 410: New insights on dynamic crystallization. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Samantaray
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Bhabani K. Satapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
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Otaegi I, Aranburu N, Guerrica-Echevarría G. Attaining Toughness and Reduced Electrical Percolation Thresholds in Bio-Based PA410 by Combined Addition of Bio-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers and CNTs. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3420. [PMID: 34641235 PMCID: PMC8512475 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added to provide electrical conductivity to bio-based polymer blends with improved toughness (based on commercially available Pebax thermoplastic elastomers and bio-based polyamide 4,10). A preliminary study including three different Pebax grades was carried out to select the grade and the composition that would best improve the impact properties of PA410. Thus, tough multiphasic PA/Pebax/CNT nanocomposites (NCs) with enhanced electrical conductivity were obtained. The CNTs were added either: (1) in the form of pristine nanotubes or (2) in the form of a PA6-based masterbatch. Hence, PA410/Pebax/CNT ternary NCs and PA410/PA6/Pebax/CNT quaternary NCs were obtained, respectively, up to a CNT content of 1 wt%. The ternary and quaternary NCs both showed similar mechanical and electrical properties. The electrical percolation threshold decreased with respect to previously studied corresponding NCs without Pebax, i.e., PA410/CNT and PA410/PA6/CNT, due to the partial volume exclusion effect of Pebax over the CNTs that were dispersed mainly in the PA matrix; materials with percolation concentrations as low as 0.38 wt% were obtained. With respect to mechanical properties, contrary to the NCs without Pebax, all the PA/Pebax/CNT NCs showed a ductile behavior and impact strength values that were from three to five-fold higher than that of the pure PA410.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gonzalo Guerrica-Echevarría
- Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials—Physics, Chemistry and Technology & POLYMAT, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (I.O.); (N.A.)
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Bednarczyk K, Kukulski T, Fryczkowski R, Schab-Balcerzak E, Libera M. Effect of Polythiophene Content on Thermomechanical Properties of Electroconductive Composites. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092476. [PMID: 33922769 PMCID: PMC8123070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of polymeric composites combined using polythiophene (PT) dopped by FeCl3 and polyamide 6 (PA), in the aspect of conductive constructive elements for organic solar cells, depend on the molecular structure and morphology of materials as well as the method of preparing the species. This study was focused on disclosing the impact of the polythiophene content on properties of electrospun fibers. The elements for investigation were prepared using electrospinning applying two substrates. The study revealed the impact of the substrate on the conductive properties of composites. In this study composites exhibited good thermal stability, with T5 values in the range of 230–268 °C that increased with increasing PT content. The prepared composites exhibited comparable PA Tg values, which indicates their suitability for processing. Instrumental analysis of polymers and composites was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bednarczyk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (K.B.); (E.S.-B.)
| | - Tomasz Kukulski
- Faculty of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland; (T.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Ryszard Fryczkowski
- Faculty of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland; (T.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Ewa Schab-Balcerzak
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (K.B.); (E.S.-B.)
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Sklodowskej Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marcin Libera
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Str., 40-006 Katowice, Poland; (K.B.); (E.S.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-50-518-7647
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Safari M, Otaegi I, Aramburu N, Wang Y, Liu G, Dong X, Wang D, Guerrica-Echevarria G, Müller AJ. Composition dependent miscibility in the crystalline state of polyamide 6 /polyamide 4,10 blends: From single to double crystalline blends. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Samantaray SK, Satapathy BK. Correlating
ultra‐toughening
of
bio‐based
polyamide 410 with melt rheological and solid state relaxation dynamics by gelation rheology approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Samantaray
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Bhabani K. Satapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi India
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Li W, Wang L, Dong X, Wang D. A Facile Strategy to Fabricate Antistatic Polyamide 1012/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Pipes for Fuel Delivery Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081797. [PMID: 32796634 PMCID: PMC7465873 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing antistatic long chain polyamide (LCPA) resins and fabricating the corresponding fuel pipes are challenges but necessary. Herein, a facile but effective strategy was put forward to fabricate LCPA resins with a superior conductivity, meeting the requirements of electrostatic sub-conductors. The strategy was based on, first, the incorporation of a large amount (15 wt%) of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into a polyamide 1012 (PA1012) matrix as a master batch, which formed a dense conductive network. Subsequently, it was diluted with PA1012 granules to produce base resins, and the reprocessed nanocomposites with a critical content of MWCNTs (3 wt%) could generate an effectively interconnected conductive network, with sparse and thinning features. Using the base resins, fuel pipes for automobiles, petrol stations and high pressure applications were successfully fabricated, where the thin conductive network was transformed into a thick one due to external field-induced re-agglomeration of MWCNTs. In this way, the obtained fuel pipes combined excellent conductive and barrier properties, and mechanical properties at high and low temperatures. These comprehensive properties also arose from the uniform dispersion of MWCNTs in an LCPA matrix, even without coupling agents; the attractive interaction between MWCNTs and the polyamide chains contributed to their strong interface adhesion. Thus, this research provides a versatile approach to fabricating antistatic LCPA resins, which will certainly extend their application to vehicle fuel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Li
- Institute of Systems Engineering, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 102300, China;
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Biobased Fiber and Ecological Textile Technology, Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Xia Dong
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8261-8533
| | - Dujin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
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Samantaray S, Satapathy BK. Ultratoughening of Biobased Polyamide 410. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:5306-5317. [PMID: 32201819 PMCID: PMC7081436 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The microstructural, thermomechanical, and quasistatic mechanical properties of biobased polyamide 410 (PA410)/poly(octane-co-ethylene)-g-maleic anhydride (POE-g-MA) blends with the impact toughener in the composition range of 0-20 wt % have been investigated, with an aim to overcome the poor notch and strain sensitivity of PA410. The crystallinity of the blends obtained from enthalpic measurements and initial degradation temperature indicating thermal stability remained mostly unaffected. A remarkably substantial increase, i.e., ∼15-fold enhancement, in the impact strength of the PA410/POE-g-MA blends leading to ultratoughening of PA410 accompanied by a significant increase in tensile strain at breaking is achieved though the elastic modulus (E) and yield strength (σ) decreased with impact modifier content. Thermomechanical analysis revealed a broadening in the loss tangent peak in the temperature range of ∼-50 to -30 °C corresponding to the POE phase, whereas the loss tangent peak corresponding to the PA410 phase stayed unaffected. Conventional theoretical models such as the rule of mixture and foam model were used to analyze the micromechanics of low-strain (<1%) mechanical response (E), and Nikolais-Narkis model and Isahi-Cohen models, for high-strain (>2%) mechanical response (σ). The interdependence of impact toughness, ductility ratio, and domain size of the dispersed rubber phase in the PA410/POE-g-MA blends could successfully be established vis-à-vis the mechanistic role of interparticle distance. Scanning electron microscopy showing domain coalescence of the soft elastomeric POE phase thus reiterated the pivotal role of interdomain distance and domain size in influencing the toughening mechanism of PA410/POE-g-MA blends. The qualitative phase distribution attributes based on atomic force microscopy remained in sync with quantitative parameters, such as domain size, hence reaffirming the mechanism behind ultratoughening of PA410 by POE.
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Lin HM, Behera K, Yadav M, Chiu FC. Polyamide 6/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Blend-Based Nanocomposites with Enhanced Rigidity: Selective Localization of Carbon Nanotube and Organoclay. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E184. [PMID: 31936709 PMCID: PMC7023515 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamide 6 (PA6)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blend-based nanocomposites were successfully prepared using a twin screw extruder. Carbon nanotube (CNT) and organo-montmorillonite (30B) were used individually and simultaneously as reinforcing nanofillers for the immiscible PA6/PVDF blend. Scanning electron micrographs showed that adding 30B reduced the dispersed domain size of PVDF in the blend, and CNT played a vital role in the formation of a quasi-co-continuous PA6-PVDF morphology. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that both fillers were mainly located in the PA6 matrix phase. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the presence of 30B facilitated the formation of γ-form PA6 crystals in the composites. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that the crystallization temperature of PA6 increased after adding CNT into the blend. The inclusion of 30B retarded PA6 nucleation (γ-form crystals growth) upon crystallization. The Young's and flexural moduli of the blend increased after adding CNT and/or 30B. 30B exhibited higher enhancing efficiency compared with CNT. The composite with 2 phr 30B exhibited 21% higher Young's modulus than the blend. Measurements of the rheological properties confirmed the development of a pseudo-network structure in the CNT-loaded composites. Double percolation morphology in the PA6/PVDF blend was achieved with the addition of CNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-M.L.); (K.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Kartik Behera
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-M.L.); (K.B.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mithilesh Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-M.L.); (K.B.); (M.Y.)
- Department of Chemistry, Prof. Rajendra Singh Institute of Physical Sciences for Study and Research, V. B. S. Purvanchal University Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh 222003, India
| | - Fang-Chyou Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (H.-M.L.); (K.B.); (M.Y.)
- Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Otaegi I, Aranburu N, Iturrondobeitia M, Ibarretxe J, Guerrica-Echevarría G. The Effect of the Preparation Method and the Dispersion and Aspect Ratio of CNTs on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Bio-Based Polyamide-4,10/CNT Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122059. [PMID: 31835758 PMCID: PMC6960823 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polymeric nanocomposites (NCs) with enhanced electrical conductivity and rigidity were obtained by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to a commercial bio-based polyamide 4,10 (PA410). Two different types of commercial CNTs (Cheap Tubes and Nanocyl NC7000TM) and two different preparation methods (using CNTs in powder form and a PA6-based masterbatch, respectively) were used to obtain melt-mixed PA410/CNT NCs. The effect of the preparation method as well as the degree of dispersion and aspect ratio of the CNTs on the electrical and mechanical properties of the processed NCs was studied. Superior electrical and mechanical behavior was observed in the Nanocyl CNTs-based NCs due to the enhanced dispersion and higher aspect ratio of the nanotubes. A much more significant reduction in aspect ratio was observed in the Cheap Tubes CNTs than in the Nanocyl CNTs. This was attributed to the fact that the shear stress applied during melt processing reduced the length of the CNTs to similar lengths in all cases, which pointed to the diameter of the CNTs as the key factor determing the properties of the NCs. The PA6 in the ternary PA410/PA6/CNT system led to improved Young’s modulus values because the reinforcing effect of CNTs was greater in PA6 than in PA410.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Otaegi
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (I.O.); (N.A.)
| | - Nora Aranburu
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (I.O.); (N.A.)
| | - Maider Iturrondobeitia
- eMERG, School of Engineering of Bilbao, building II-I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Rafael Moreno Pitxitxi 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (M.I.); (J.I.)
| | - Julen Ibarretxe
- eMERG, School of Engineering of Bilbao, building II-I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Rafael Moreno Pitxitxi 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; (M.I.); (J.I.)
| | - Gonzalo Guerrica-Echevarría
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (I.O.); (N.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-943-01-5443
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Terzopoulou Z, Tarani E, Kasmi N, Papadopoulos L, Chrissafis K, Papageorgiou DG, Papageorgiou GZ, Bikiaris DN. Thermal Decomposition Kinetics and Mechanism of In-Situ Prepared Bio-based Poly(propylene 2,5-furan dicarboxylate)/Graphene Nanocomposites. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091717. [PMID: 31052603 PMCID: PMC6539069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyesters are a new class of materials that are expected to replace their fossil-based homologues in the near future. In this work, poly(propylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PPF) nanocomposites with graphene nanoplatelets were prepared via the in-situ melt polycondensation method. The chemical structure of the resulting polymers was confirmed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Thermal stability, decomposition kinetics and the decomposition mechanism of the PPF nanocomposites were studied in detail. According to thermogravimetric analysis results, graphene nanoplatelets did nοt affect the thermal stability of PPF at levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 wt.%, but caused a slight increase in the activation energy values. Pyrolysis combined with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy revealed that the decomposition mechanism of the polymer was not altered by the presence of graphene nanoplatelets but the extent of secondary homolytic degradation reactions was increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Evangelia Tarani
- Solid State Physics Department, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Nejib Kasmi
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Lazaros Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos Chrissafis
- Solid State Physics Department, School of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios G Papageorgiou
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - George Z Papageorgiou
- Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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