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Zhou M, Zhong L, Hu L, Zhou Y, Yang X. Synthesis of a reactive lignin-based flame retardant and its application in phenolic foam. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:2506-2518. [PMID: 36751900 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2176792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
To improve the flame retardancy of phenolic foam from the perspective of sustainable development, it is a feasible way to add bio-based flame retardants into phenolic foam. Lignin has a similar structure to phenol, which provides a possibility to replace part of phenol. In this paper, we prepared a kind of reactive bio-based flame retardant based on enzymatic hydrolyzed lignin, in which side chain was chemically grafted with phosphorus and nitrogen and benzene ring would participate in the phenolic condensation reaction. According to elemental analysis and ICP-OES data, the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in modified lignin (NP-L) increased to 2.95% and 3.55% respectively. Compared with original lignin, the carbon residue rate of NP-L increased from 3.25% to 12.13% because of the presence of flame retardant elements N and P. Then lignin-based flame retardant was used to replace phenol for modifying phenolic foams (NPLPFX). The limited oxygen index (LOI) and compressive strength of phenolic foam were improved effectively by adding modified lignin when the substitution rate was less than 25%. The LOI and compressive strength of the modified phenolic foam with 5% replacement amount (NPLPF5) are 55.6% and 0.24 MPa, which increased by 88% and 60% compared with pure phenolic foam. The cone calorimetric data also showed that NPLPF5 had good flame retardancy, and the peak heat release rate and total heat release were significantly lower than PF. This work suggests a novel green strategy for improving the flame retardancy performance of phenolic foam and promoting the utilization of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Hu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF; Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass; Key Lab. of Chemical Engineering of Forest Products, National Forestry and Grassland Administration; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Gong W, Zhang D, Zhang C, Zeng X, He L, Jiang T. Deformation and Simulation of the Cellular Structure of Foamed Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235103. [PMID: 36501496 PMCID: PMC9736430 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamed Polymer is an important polymer material, which is one of the most widely used polymer materials and plays a very important role in the polymer industry. In this work, foamed polypropylene (PP) composites are prepared by injection molding, and the cell deformation process within them is studied by combining visualization technology and COMSOL software simulation. The results shows that the deformation of isolated cells depends in temperature, and there is no macroscopic deformation. There was no significant difference between the stress around adjacent cells at different temperatures, but the stress at different positions around the adjacent cells has obvious changes, and the maximum stress at the center of the adjacent cells was 224.18 N·m-2, which was easy to cause a lateral deformation of the cells. With the increase in temperature, the displacement around the adjacent cell gradually increased, the maximum displacement of the upper and lower symmetrical points of the cell was 14.62 μm, which is most likely to cause longitudinal deformation of the cell; the deviation of the cell deformation parameter gradually increased, which led to deformation during the growth of the cell easily. The simulation results were consistent with the visualized cell deformation behaviors of the foamed PP composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gong
- School of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (L.H.); (T.J.)
| | - Di Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xiangbu Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Li He
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (L.H.); (T.J.)
| | - Tuanhui Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (L.H.); (T.J.)
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Boruszewski P, Borysiuk P, Jankowska A, Pazik J. Low-Density Particleboards Modified with Blowing Agents—Characteristic and Properties. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134528. [PMID: 35806654 PMCID: PMC9267788 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although lightweight particleboards have been commercially available for years, they still have a number of disadvantages, including difficulty to process, brittleness, low impact strength, and other mechanical resistance. The aim of the paper was to determine the possibility of producing particleboards of reduced density (dedicated for furniture industry) as a result of using blowing agents from the group of hydrazides, dicarboxamides, or tetrazoles, which were modifiers of the adhesive resin used for bonding the particles of the core layer of three-layer particleboards. The concept presents the possibility of producing low-density particleboards in a standard technological process by modifying the adhesive resin, which has not been practiced by others until now. Analysis of the results of testing the particleboards properties with various types of modifiers (blowing agents), glue content (high 10%/12% and low 8%/10%), differing in glue dosing method, and different particle sizes allowed concluding that the most satisfactory effect was found in particleboards made of the variant modified with p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide. This variant was characterised by the highest mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus elasticity, and internal bond strength) with high dimensional stability. The presented technology proposal can be applied in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Boruszewski
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.B.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5938582
| | - Piotr Borysiuk
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Jankowska
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (P.B.); (A.J.)
| | - Jolanta Pazik
- Fabryki Mebli “FORTE” S.A., 1 Biała St., 07-300 Ostrów Mazowiecka, Poland;
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Hwang J, Jung M, Park JJ, Kim EK, Lee G, Lee KJ, Choi JH, Song WJ. Preparation and Electrochemical Characterization of Si@C Nanoparticles as an Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries via Solvent-Assisted Wet Coating Process. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101649. [PMID: 35630871 PMCID: PMC9145801 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-based electrodes are widely recognized as promising anodes for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Silicon is a representative anode material for next-generation LIBs due to its advantages of being an abundant resource and having a high theoretical capacity and a low electrochemical reduction potential. However, its huge volume change during the charge–discharge process and low electrical conductivity can be critical problems in its utilization as a practical anode material. In this study, we solved the problem of the large volume expansion of silicon anodes by using the carbon coating method with a low-cost phenolic resin that can be used to obtain high-performance LIBs. The surrounding carbon layers on the silicon surface were well made from a phenolic resin via a solvent-assisted wet coating process followed by carbonization. Consequently, the electrochemical performance of the carbon-coated silicon anode achieved a high specific capacity (3092 mA h g−1) and excellent capacity retention (~100% capacity retention after 50 cycles and even 64% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.05 C). This work provides a simple but effective strategy for the improvement of silicon-based anodes for high-performance LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongha Hwang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.); (M.J.); (J.-J.P.); (E.-K.K.)
| | - Mincheol Jung
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.); (M.J.); (J.-J.P.); (E.-K.K.)
| | - Jin-Ju Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.); (M.J.); (J.-J.P.); (E.-K.K.)
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.); (M.J.); (J.-J.P.); (E.-K.K.)
| | - Gunoh Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (G.L.); (K.J.L.)
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (G.L.); (K.J.L.)
| | - Jae-Hak Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.); (M.J.); (J.-J.P.); (E.-K.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.C.); (W.-J.S.)
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.); (M.J.); (J.-J.P.); (E.-K.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.C.); (W.-J.S.)
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Lu J, Jalali A, Yao J, Ma Q, Yin J, Zhang R, Luo F. Toughness enhancement of polyamide 6,12 with intermolecular hydrogen bonding with
3‐pentadecylphenol. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Amirjalal Jalali
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jianqi Yao
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Qin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Jiajie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
| | - Faliang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of High‐efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China
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Ge T, Hu X, Tang K, Wang D. The Preparation and Properties of Terephthalyl-Alcohol-Modified Phenolic Foam with High Heat Aging Resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1267. [PMID: 31370185 PMCID: PMC6723831 DOI: 10.3390/polym11081267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this experiment, terephthalyl alcohol was used as a modifier to modify phenol under both acidic and alkaline conditions to obtain modified phenols with different molecular structures. Subsequently, the modified phenols reacted with paraformaldehyde in an alkaline environment. After foaming and curing, a modified phenolic foam with high heat aging resistance was obtained. The molecular structure was characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR). The results showed that two different structures of phenolic resin can be successfully prepared under different conditions of acid and alkali. The modified phenolic foam was tested by thermogravimetric analysis. In addition, the modified phenolic foam was tested for mass change rate, dimensional change rate, powdering rate, water absorption rate, and compressive strength before and after aging. The results show that the modified phenolic foam has excellent performance. After heat aging for 24 h, the mass loss rate of the modified phenolic foam obtained by acid catalysis was as low as 4.5%, the pulverization rate was only increased by 3.2%, and the water absorption of the modified phenolic foam increased by 0.77%, which is one-third that of the phenolic foam. Compared with the phenolic foam, the modified phenolic foam shows good heat aging resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Ge
- Plastic Engineering Research Center of Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Shenyang Huada and Kangping Plastic Woven Research Institute, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Hu
- Plastic Engineering Research Center of Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Kaihong Tang
- Plastic Engineering Research Center of Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Dongqi Wang
- Plastic Engineering Research Center of Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China
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Recent Trends of Foaming in Polymer Processing: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060953. [PMID: 31159423 PMCID: PMC6631771 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer foams have low density, good heat insulation, good sound insulation effects, high specific strength, and high corrosion resistance, and are widely used in civil and industrial applications. In this paper, the classification of polymer foams, principles of the foaming process, types of blowing agents, and raw materials of polymer foams are reviewed. The research progress of various foaming methods and the current problems and possible solutions are discussed in detail.
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Ge T, Tang K, Tang X. Preparation and Properties of Acetoacetic Ester-Terminated Polyether Pre-Synthesis Modified Phenolic Foam. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E334. [PMID: 30678150 PMCID: PMC6384588 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, acetoacetic ester-terminated polyether was selected as a modifier to prepare a new type of polyether phenolic resin, which was successfully prepared by pre-synthesis modification. It is used to prepare interpenetrating cross-linked network structure modified phenolic foam with excellent mechanical properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR, 13C NMR) were used to characterize the molecular structure of the polyether phenolic resin. The results showed that the acetoacetic ester-terminated polyether successfully modified the phenolic resin and introduced a polyether skeleton into the resin structure. The effect of changing the added amount of acetoacetic ester-terminated polyether from 10% to 20% of the phenol content on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the modified phenolic foam was investigated. The results showed that when the amount of acetoacetic ester-terminated polyether was 16% the amount of phenol, this resulted in the best toughness of the modified foam, which had a bending deflection that could be increased to more than three times that of the base phenolic foam. The modified phenolic foam cell diameter was reduced by 36.3%, and the distribution was more uniform, which formed a denser network structure than that of the base phenolic foam. The bending strength was increased by 0.85 MPa, and the pulverization rate was as low as 1.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Ge
- Plastic Engineering Research Center of Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Shenyang Huada and Kangping Plastic Woven Research Institute, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Kaihong Tang
- Plastic Engineering Research Center of Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China.
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Plastic Engineering Research Center of Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center, Shenyang 110142, China.
- Yingkou Sounrun New Material Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Yingkou 115000, China.
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