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Liu X, Mo Z, Cui L, Yu C, Zou Z, Liu Y, Zheng W, Tan J. Effect of biaxial stretching on the microstructure evolution, optical, mechanical and oxygen barrier properties of biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) films. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126976. [PMID: 37739283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films have been widely used due to their biological degradability and excellent comprehensive properties. However, the reports regarding biodegradable PLA/PBAT films are rather scarce. In this work, systematical investigations of biaxially stretched PLA/PBAT films were performed. Compared with unstretched films, the PLA/PBAT 75/25 films with the stretching ratio of 5 × 1 exhibited an improvement on the crystallinity of PLA from 6 % to 58.6 %. According to 2D-WAXS results, the orientation of the α crystal in the MD increased with the increase of the stretching ratio. The stretched films showed favorable barrier properties. The oxygen permeability (OP) of 2 × 2 PLA/PBAT 75/25 films shows a decrement of 22 % compared with that of the unstretched films. Interestingly, the uniaxially stretched PLA/PBAT 75/25 films exhibits increased surface roughness (Ra) for 3 × 1 film whereas decreased Ra for the 5 × 1 film, which could be related to the phase separation under stretching. The tensile strength in the machine direction (MD) of the PLA/PBAT 75/25 films was improved up to 51.6 MPa for 5 × 1 film, which is 45 % higher than that of unstretched counterpart. The stretched films exhibit excellent mechanical and barrier properties, which could be utilized in packaging industry with high potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Liu
- College of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412000, China
| | - Zhixiang Mo
- College of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412000, China
| | - Lingna Cui
- College of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412000, China.
| | - Chongdong Yu
- College of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412000, China
| | - Zhenyu Zou
- College of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412000, China
| | - Yuejun Liu
- College of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412000, China.
| | - Wei Zheng
- Xiamen Changsu Industrial Co. Ltd., Xiamen 361000, China
| | - Jin Tan
- Hunan Green Star Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Zhuzhou 412000, China
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Ahmed BA, Nadeem U, Hakeem AS, Ul-Hamid A, Khan MY, Younas M, Saeed HA. Printing Parameter Optimization of Additive Manufactured PLA Using Taguchi Design of Experiment. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4370. [PMID: 38006094 PMCID: PMC10675521 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing (3DP), known as additive layer manufacturing (ALM), is a manufacturing process in which a three-dimensional structure is constructed by successive addition of deposited layers. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has evolved as the most frequently utilized ALM process because of its cost-effectiveness and ease of operation. Nevertheless, layer adhesion, delamination, and quality of the finished product remain issues associated with the FDM process parameters. These issues need to be addressed in order to satisfy the requirements commonly imposed by the conventional manufacturing industry. This work is focused on the optimization of the FDM process and post-process parameters for Polylactic acid (PLA) samples in an effort to maximize their tensile strength. Infill density and pattern type, layer height, and print temperature are the process parameters, while annealing temperature is the post-process parameter considered for the investigation. Analysis based on the Taguchi L18 orthogonal array shows that the gyroid infill pattern and annealing cycle at 90 °C results in a maximum ultimate tensile strength (UTM) of 37.15 MPa. Furthermore, the regression model developed for the five variables under study was able to predict the UTS with an accuracy of more than 96%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Anjum Ahmed
- Core Research Facilities (CRF), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (A.U.-H.); (M.Y.)
| | - Uzair Nadeem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan (H.A.S.)
| | - Abbas Saeed Hakeem
- Interdisciplinary Center for Hydrogen Energy Storage (IRC-HES), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.H.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Anwar Ul-Hamid
- Core Research Facilities (CRF), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (A.U.-H.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mohd Yusuf Khan
- Interdisciplinary Center for Hydrogen Energy Storage (IRC-HES), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.H.); (M.Y.K.)
| | - Muhammad Younas
- Core Research Facilities (CRF), Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (A.U.-H.); (M.Y.)
| | - Hasan Aftab Saeed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan (H.A.S.)
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Azevedo JVC, Hausnerova B, Möginger B, Sopik T. Effect of Chain Extending Cross-Linkers on the Disintegration Behavior of Composted PBAT/PLA Blown Films. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054525. [PMID: 36901956 PMCID: PMC10003261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A biodegradable blend of PBAT-poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)-and PLA-poly(lactic acid)-for blown film extrusion was modified with four multi-functional chain extending cross-linkers (CECL). The anisotropic morphology introduced during film blowing affects the degradation processes. Given that two CECL increased the melt flow rate (MFR) of tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite (V1) and 1,3-phenylenebisoxazoline (V2) and the other two reduced it (aromatic polycarbodiimide (V3) and poly(4,4-dicyclohexylmethanecarbodiimide) (V4)), their compost (bio-)disintegration behavior was investigated. It was significantly altered with respect to the unmodified reference blend (REF). The disintegration behavior at 30 and 60 °C was investigated by determining changes in mass, Young's moduli, tensile strengths, elongations at break and thermal properties. In order to quantify the disintegration behavior, the hole areas of blown films were evaluated after compost storage at 60 °C to calculate the kinetics of the time dependent degrees of disintegration. The kinetic model of disintegration provides two parameters: initiation time and disintegration time. They quantify the effects of the CECL on the disintegration behavior of the PBAT/PLA compound. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed a pronounced annealing effect during storage in compost at 30 °C, as well as the occurrence of an additional step-like increase in the heat flow at 75 °C after storage at 60 °C. The disintegration consists of processes which affect amorphous and crystalline phase of PBAT in different manner that cannot be understood by a hydrolytic chain degradation only. Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) revealed molecular degradation only at 60 °C for the REF and V1 after 7 days of compost storage. The observed losses of mass and cross-sectional area seem to be attributed more to mechanical decay than to molecular degradation for the given compost storage times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana V. C. Azevedo
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von Liebig Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
- BIO-FED, Branch of AKRO-PLASTIC GmbH, BioCampus Cologne, Nattermannallee 1, 50829 Köln, Germany
| | - Berenika Hausnerova
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Vavreckova 275, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nam. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Bernhard Möginger
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, von Liebig Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Tomas Sopik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Nam. T.G. Masaryka 5555, 76001 Zlín, Czech Republic
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Gao L, Drozdov AD. The Use of Various Measurement Methods for Estimating the Fracture Energy of PLA (Polylactic Acid). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8623. [PMID: 36500118 PMCID: PMC9740795 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The essential work of fracture (EWF) and Izod/Charpy impact tests have been used to investigate the fracture toughness in the plane stress of brittle polymers. In this paper, we had three goals: first, we aimed to employ how to estimate PLA toughness in different geometries; then, we proposed to compare Izod and Charpy Impact toughness in the same geometry; finally, we intended to determine the difference between EWF toughness and dynamic toughness. The results showed that the EWF method could be applied to evaluate PLA fracture behavior with small ligaments (2-4 mm), while the dynamic test could be employed with larger ligaments (5-7 mm). A comparison of the two impact test results obtained the following conclusions: Charpy impact toughness was higher than Izod impact toughness in the same geometry, and the impact toughness under a notch angle of 90° was larger than that of an angle of 45°. Both EWF and dynamic tests can be used to explore PLA toughness with small ligaments. The fracture energy decreases with ligament size in the EWF test, but it increases in the dynamic test.
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Zhu S, Yan T, Huang X, Hassan EAM, Zhou J, Zhang S, Xiong M, Yu M, Li Z. Bioinspired nacre-like PEEK material with superior tensile strength and impact toughness. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15584-15592. [PMID: 35685180 PMCID: PMC9125775 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00667g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A bioinspired PEEK material with hard “bricks” of nanoscale lamellae and micron-scale deformed spherulites bonded by soft “mortar” of a rigid amorphous fraction was produced with a pressure-induced flow (PIF) processing applied in the solid-state. Novel mechanisms were proposed for the marked and simultaneous improvement in the strength and toughness, where the tensile strength and impact strength could be increased to ∼200% and ∼450%, respectively. On one hand, the rotation, recombination and restacking of the crystalline blocks formed an oriented and stratified morphology similar to the “brick-and-mortar” structure in nacre, and resulted in the confined crack propagations and the tortuous energy dissipating paths. On the other hand, the PIF-relaxation due to the newly generated rigid amorphous fraction further contributed to the improvement of the impact strength. The efficiency of enhancement could be controlled by the molding temperature, the compression ratio, and the volume fraction of chopped carbon fiber. As a result, PIF-processing might endow the PEEK material with improved mechanical matching with the surrounding tissues and extended service life in biomedical applications while retaining excellent biocompatibility with no external substances introduced. A bioinspired PEEK material with hard “bricks” of nanoscale lamellae and micron-scale deformed spherulites bonded by soft “mortar” of a rigid amorphous fraction was produced with a pressure-induced flow (PIF) processing applied in the solid-state.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Tianwen Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Xinlin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Elwathig A M Hassan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China.,Industries Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira Sudan
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China .,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center of Function Fiber and Its Composites, Dalian Polytechnic University Dalian 116034 China
| | - Mengyun Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Muhuo Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Performance Fibers and Composites (Province-Ministry Joint), Key Laboratory of High-Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China .,Key Laboratory of Shanghai City for Lightweight Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Zhaomin Li
- Shanghai Microport Medical (Group) Co. Ltd Shanghai 201203 China
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Lluch-Cerezo J, Benavente R, Meseguer MD, García-Manrique JA. Effect of a Powder Mould in the Post-Process Thermal Treatment of ABS Parts Manufactured with FDM Technology. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152422. [PMID: 34372026 PMCID: PMC8347518 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-process thermal treatment of thermoplastics improves their mechanical properties, but causes deformations in parts, making them unusable. This work proposes a powder mould to prevent dimensional part deformation and studies the influence of line building direction in part deformations in a post-process thermal treatment of 3D printed polymers. Two sets of ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) test samples manufactured by fused deposition modelling (FDM) in six different raster directions have been treated and evaluated. One set has been packed with a ceramic powder mould during thermal treatment to evaluate deformations and mould effectiveness. Thermogravimetric tests have been carried out on ABS samples, concluding that the thermal treatment of the samples does not cause degradations in the polymeric material. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to study internal building geometry and mould influence on part deformation after the thermal treatment. It can be concluded that powder mould considerably reduces dimensional deformations during the thermal treatment process, with length being the most affected dimension for deformation. Attending to the length, mould effectiveness is greater than 80% in comparison to non-usage of moulding, reaching 90% when the building lines are in the same direction as the main part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Lluch-Cerezo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (R.B.); (M.D.M.); (J.A.G.-M.)
- Engineering Research Team, Florida Universitària, 46470 Catarroja, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Rut Benavente
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (R.B.); (M.D.M.); (J.A.G.-M.)
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Desamparados Meseguer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (R.B.); (M.D.M.); (J.A.G.-M.)
| | - Juan Antonio García-Manrique
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (R.B.); (M.D.M.); (J.A.G.-M.)
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Interaction of Poly L-Lactide and Tungsten Disulfide Nanotubes Studied by in Situ X-ray Scattering during Expansion of PLLA/WS 2NT Nanocomposite Tubes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111764. [PMID: 34072208 PMCID: PMC8198810 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ synchrotron X-ray scattering was used to reveal the transient microstructure of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)/tungsten disulfide inorganic nanotubes (WS2NTs) nanocomposites. This microstructure is formed during the blow molding process (“tube expansion”) of an extruded polymer tube, an important step in the manufacturing of PLLA-based bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS). A fundamental understanding of how such a microstructure develops during processing is relevant to two unmet needs in PLLA-based BVS: increasing strength to enable thinner devices and improving radiopacity to enable imaging during implantation. Here, we focus on how the flow generated during tube expansion affects the orientation of the WS2NTs and the formation of polymer crystals by comparing neat PLLA and nanocomposite tubes under different expansion conditions. Surprisingly, the WS2NTs remain oriented along the extrusion direction despite significant strain in the transverse direction while the PLLA crystals (c-axis) form along the circumferential direction of the tube. Although WS2NTs promote the nucleation of PLLA crystals in nanocomposite tubes, crystallization proceeds with largely the same orientation as in neat PLLA tubes. We suggest that the reason for the unusual independence of the orientations of the nanotubes and polymer crystals stems from the favorable interaction between PLLA and WS2NTs. This favorable interaction leads WS2NTs to disperse well in PLLA and strongly orient along the axis of the PLLA tube during extrusion. As a consequence, the nanotubes are aligned orthogonally to the circumferential stretching direction, which appears to decouple the orientations of PLLA crystals and WS2NTs.
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Venkatesh C, Chen Y, Cao Z, Brennan S, Major I, Lyons JG, Devine DM. Influence of extrusion screw speed on the properties of halloysite nanotube impregnated polylactic acid nanocomposites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid)/halloysite nanotube (PLA/HNT) nanocomposites have been studied extensively over the past few years owing to the interesting properties of the polymer, PLA, and the nanoclay, HNT, individually and as composites. In this paper, the influence of the screw speed during extrusion was investigated and was found to have a significant impact on the mechanical and thermal performance of the extruded PLA/HNT nanocomposites. To determine the effect of screw speed on PLA/HNT nanocomposites, 5 and 10 wt% of HNTs were blended into the PLA matrix through compounding at screw speeds of 40, 80, and 140 rpm. Virgin PLA was compounded for comparison. The resultant polymer melt was quench cooled onto a calendar system to produce composite films which were assessed for mechanical, thermal, chemical, and surface properties. Results illustrate that in comparison to 40 and 80 rpm, the virgin PLA when compounded at 140 rpm, indicated a significant increase in the mechanical properties. The PLA/HNT 5 wt% nanocomposite compounded at 140 rpm showed significant improvement in the dispersion of HNTs in the PLA matrix which in turn enhanced the mechanical and thermal properties. This can be attributed to the increased melt shear at higher screw speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra Venkatesh
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology , Dublin Road , Athlone , Co. Westmeath , Ireland
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology , Dublin Road , Athlone , Co. Westmeath , Ireland
| | - Zhi Cao
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology , Dublin Road , Athlone , Co. Westmeath , Ireland
| | - Shane Brennan
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology , Dublin Road , Athlone , Co. Westmeath , Ireland
| | - Ian Major
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology , Dublin Road , Athlone , Co. Westmeath , Ireland
| | - John G. Lyons
- Faculty of Engineering and Informatics , Athlone Institute of Technology , Dublin Road , Athlone , Co. Westmeath , Ireland
| | - Declan M. Devine
- Materials Research Institute, Athlone Institute of Technology , Dublin Road , Athlone , Co. Westmeath , Ireland
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Wei H, Yan S, Menary G. Modelling Stretch Blow Moulding of Poly (l-lactic acid) for the Manufacture of Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060967. [PMID: 33809921 PMCID: PMC8004264 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stretch blow moulding (SBM) has been employed to manufacture bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) from poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA), whilst an experience-based method is used to develop the suitable processing conditions by trial-and-error. FEA modelling can be used to predict the forming process by the scientific understanding on the mechanical behaviour of PLLA materials above the glass transition temperature (Tg). The applicability of a constitutive model, the ‘glass-rubber’ (GR) model with material parameters from biaxial stretch was examined on PLLA sheets replicating the biaxial strain history of PLLA tubes during stretch blow moulding. The different stress–strain relationship of tubes and sheets under equivalent deformation suggested the need of re-calibration of the GR model for tubes. A FEA model was developed for PLLA tubes under different operation conditions, incorporating a virtual cap and rod to capture the suppression of axial stretch. The reliability of the FEA modelling on tube blowing was validated by comparing the shape evolution, strain history and stress–strain relationship from modelling to the results from the free stretch blow test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Wei
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK;
| | - Shiyong Yan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, UK;
| | - Gary Menary
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AH, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Li-Sha Zhao, Yan-Hua Cai. Non-isothermal Crystallization, Melting Behavior, Thermal Decomposition, Fluidity and Mechanical Properties of Melt Processed Poly(L-lactic acid) Nucleated by N,N'-Adipic Bis(piperonylic acid) Dihydrazide. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x20040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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