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Zhang Q, Cui J, Zhao S, Zhang G, Gao A, Yan Y. Development of Electromagnetic-Wave-Shielding Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Ti 3C 2T x MXene-Carbon Nanotube Composites by Improving Impedance Matching and Conductivity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:417. [PMID: 36770378 PMCID: PMC9921545 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is attained by improving impedance matching and conductivity through structural design. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-Ti3C2Tx MXene-single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) composites with layered heterogeneous conductive fillers and segregated structures were prepared through electrostatic flocculation and hot pressing of the PVDF composite microsphere-coated MXene and SWCNTs in a layer-by-layer fashion. Results suggest that the heterogeneous fillers improve impedance matching and layered coating, and hot compression allows the MXene and SWCNTs to form a continuous conducting network at the PVDF interface, thereby conferring excellent conductivity to the composite. The PVDF-MXene-SWCNTs composite showed a conductivity of 2.75 S cm-1 at 2.5% MXene and 1% SWCNTs. The EMI shielding efficiency (SE) and contribution from absorption loss to the total EMI SE of PVDF-MXene-SWCNTs were 46.1 dB and 85.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the PVDF-MXene-SWCNTs composite exhibited excellent dielectric losses and impedance matching. Therefore, the layered heteroconductive fillers in a segregated structure optimize impedance matching, provide excellent conductivity, and improve absorption-dominated electromagnetic shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chizhou University, Chizhou 247000, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Guangfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ailin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yehai Yan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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2
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Selvaraj VK, Subramanian J, Jeyamani E, Azeez A, Keerthivasan R. A study to determine electromagnetic interference‐shielding effectiveness on bio‐based polyurethane foam reinforced with
PVDF
/
MgO
/Ni for emerging applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Kumar Selvaraj
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai Tamilnadu India
| | - Jeyanthi Subramanian
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai Tamilnadu India
| | - Elamaran Jeyamani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Malaysia
| | - Aslam Azeez
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai Tamilnadu India
| | - Ramesh Keerthivasan
- School of Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai Tamilnadu India
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3
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Fabrication and characterization of
Fe
2
O
3
‐OPEFB‐PTFE
nanocomposites for microwave shielding applications. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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A Comparative Study on Bio-Based PU Foam Reinforced with Nanoparticles for EMI-Shielding Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163344. [PMID: 36015601 PMCID: PMC9413289 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, most commercial polyols used to make polyurethane (PU) foam are produced from petrochemicals. A renewable resource, castor oil (CO), was employed in this study to alleviate concerns about environmental contamination. This study intends to fabricate a bio-based and low-density EMI-defending material for communication, aerospace, electronics, and military appliances. The mechanical stirrer produces the flexible bio-based polyurethane foam and combines it with nanoparticles using absorption and hydrothermal reduction processes. The nanoparticles used in this research are graphite nanoplates (GNP), zirconium oxide (ZrO2), and bamboo charcoal (BC). Following fabrication, the samples underwent EMI testing using an EMI test setup with model number N5230A PNA-L. The EMI experimental results were compared with computational simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 and an optimization tool using response surface methodology. A statistical design of the experimental approach is used to design and evaluate the experiments systematically. An experimental study reveals that a 0.3 weight percentage of GNP, a 0.3 weight percentage of ZrO2, and a 2.5 weight percentage of BC depict a maximum EMI SE of 28.03 dB in the 8–12 GHz frequency band.
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5
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Brancewicz-Steinmetz E, Sawicki J. Bonding and Strengthening the PLA Biopolymer in Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15165563. [PMID: 36013700 PMCID: PMC9416234 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a revolutionary additive manufacturing method that enables rapid prototyping and design flexibility. A variety of thermoplastic polymers can be used in printing. As it is necessary to reduce the consumption of petrochemical resources, alternative solutions are being researched, and the interest in using bioplastics and biocomposites is constantly growing. Often, however, the properties of biopolymers are insufficient and need to be improved to compete with petroleum-based plastics. The paper aims to analyze the available information on elements produced from more than one material, with additive manufacturing resulting from 3D printing using biopolymer Polylactic Acid (PLA). The study notes the possibility of modifying and improving the properties of PLA using layered printing or by modifying PLA filaments. Several modifications improving and changing the properties of PLA were also noted, including printing parameters when combined with other materials: process temperatures, filling, and surface development for various sample geometries.
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6
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Sit S, Chakraborty G, Das NC. Superior
EMI
shielding effectiveness with enhanced electrical conductivity at low percolation threshold of flexible novel ethylene methyl acrylate/single‐walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhashis Sit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
| | - Goutam Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
| | - Narayan Chandra Das
- Rubber Technology Centre Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India
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7
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Electromagnetic Wave-Absorbing and Bending Properties of Three-Dimensional Gradient Woven Composites with Triangular Sections. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091745. [PMID: 35566914 PMCID: PMC9100788 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to solve defects such as poor integrity, delamination failure, and narrow absorption bandwidth, three-dimensional (3D) gradient honeycomb woven composites (GHWCs) with triangular sections were designed and prepared. Three-dimensional gradient honeycomb woven fabric was crafted with carbon fiber (CF) filaments and basalt fiber (BF) filaments as raw materials on an ordinary loom. Then, the 3D honeycomb woven fabric filled with rigid polyurethane foam was used as the reinforcement, and epoxy resin (EP) doped with carbon black (CB) and carbonyl iron powder (CIP) was conducted as the matrix. The 3D GHWC with triangular sections, which had both EM-absorbing and load-bearing functions, was prepared by the VARTM process. Through the macro test and micro characterization of 3D GHWCs with triangular sections, the overall absorbing properties and mechanical properties of the materials were analyzed. Moreover, the EM-absorbing mechanism and failure mode of the materials were clarified in this work. The results indicated that the CF filament reflective layer effectively improved the EM-absorbing and mechanical properties. Adding a CB/CIP-absorbing agent enhanced the overall EM-absorbing property but reduced the mechanical properties. The increasing number of gradient layers increased the maximum bending load, but the EM-absorbing performance first increased and then decreased. When the thickness was 15 mm, the maximum bending load was 3530 N, and the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) was −21.6 dB. The synergistic effects of EM-absorbing and mechanical properties were the best right now. In addition, this work provided a feasible strategy that adjusting the type of absorber and gradient aperture size ratio could meet the unique requirements of absorbing frequency and intensity, which has excellent application prospects in civil and military fields.
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8
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Kang H, Luo S, Du H, Han L, Li D, Li L, Fang Q. Bio-Based Eucommia ulmoides Gum Composites with High Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050970. [PMID: 35267802 PMCID: PMC8912349 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding bio-based composites were prepared by using EUG (Eucommia ulmoides gum) with a crystalline structure as the matrix and carbon nanotube (CNT)/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) hybrids as the conductive fillers. The morphology of the CNT/GNP hybrids in the CNT/GNP/EUG composites showed the uniform distribution of CNTs and GNPs in EUG, forming a denser filler network, which afforded improved conductivity and EMI shielding effect compared with pure EUG. Accordingly, EMI shielding effectiveness values of the CNT/GNP/EUG composites reached 42 dB in the X-band frequency range, meeting the EMI shielding requirements for commercial products. Electromagnetic waves were mainly absorbed via conduction losses, multiple reflections from interfaces and interfacial dipole relaxation losses. Moreover, the CNT/GNP/EUG composites exhibited attractive mechanical properties and high thermal stability. The combination of excellent EMI shielding performance and attractive mechanical properties render the as-prepared CNT/GNP/EUG composites attractive candidates for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Kang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Rubber Elastomer of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Sen Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Rubber Elastomer of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Hongyang Du
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Rubber Elastomer of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Lishuo Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Rubber Elastomer of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Donghan Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Rubber Elastomer of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Long Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Rubber Elastomer of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (Q.F.); Tel.: +86-189-0092-6770 (L.L.); +86-138-4010-2035 (Q.F.)
| | - Qinghong Fang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (H.K.); (S.L.); (H.D.); (L.H.); (D.L.)
- Key Laboratory for Rubber Elastomer of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (Q.F.); Tel.: +86-189-0092-6770 (L.L.); +86-138-4010-2035 (Q.F.)
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9
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Pušić T, Šaravanja B, Malarić K. Electromagnetic Shielding Properties of Knitted Fabric Made from Polyamide Threads Coated with Silver. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14051281. [PMID: 33800263 PMCID: PMC7962651 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates a textile material of low surface mass for its protection against electromagnetic radiation (EMR), which is suitable for composite structures of garments, and for technical and interior applications. The shielding effectiveness against EMR of fabric knitted from polyamide threads coated with silver, measured in the frequency range of 0.9 GHz to 2.4 GHz, indicated a high degree of protection. The key contribution of the paper is the evaluation of the stability of the shielding properties against EM radiation after applying apolar and polar solvents, in synergy with the cyclic process parameters of wet and dry cleaning. The results of the study confirmed the decline in the shielding effectiveness after successive cycles of material treatment with dry and wet cleaning. The effect of wet cleaning in relation to dry cleaning is more apparent, which is due to the damage of the silver coating on the polyamide threads in the knitted fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Pušić
- Department of Textile Chemistry and Ecology, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Bosiljka Šaravanja
- Department of Clothing Technology, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Krešimir Malarić
- Department of Communications and Space Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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10
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Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Hložeková K, Hudec I. Progress in polymers and polymer composites used as efficient materials for EMI shielding. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:123-172. [PMID: 36131869 PMCID: PMC9417728 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The explosive progress of electronic devices and communication systems results in the production of undesirable electromagnetic pollution, known as electromagnetic interference. The accumulation of electromagnetic radiation in space results in the malfunction of commercial and military electronic appliances, and it may have a negative impact on human health. Thus, the shielding of undesirable electromagnetic interference has become a serious concern of the modern society, and has been a very perspective field of research and development. This paper provides detailed insight into current trends in the advancement of various polymer-based materials with the effects of electromagnetic interference shielding. First, the theoretical aspects of shielding are outlined. Then, the comprehensive description of the structure, morphology and functionalization of the intrinsic conductive polymers, polymers filled with the different types of inorganic and organic fillers, as well as multifunctional polymer architectures are provided with respect to their conductive, dielectric, magnetic and shielding characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Kruželák
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia +421 02 5932589
| | - Andrea Kvasničáková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia +421 02 5932589
| | - Klaudia Hložeková
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia +421 02 5932589
| | - Ivan Hudec
- Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovakia +421 02 5932589
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11
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Caldas CM, Soares BG, Indrusiak T, Barra GMO. Ionic liquids as dispersing agents of graphene nanoplatelets in poly(methyl methacrylate) composites with microwave absorbing properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Mouta Caldas
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Bluma Guenther Soares
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais/COPPE Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Tamara Indrusiak
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais/COPPE Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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12
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Cheng JB, Zhao HB, Cao M, Li ME, Zhang AN, Li SL, Wang YZ. Banana Leaflike C-Doped MoS 2 Aerogels toward Excellent Microwave Absorption Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26301-26312. [PMID: 32383579 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We describe the design and manufacturing method of a lightweight C-doped MoS2 aerogel with a special regular banana leaflike microstructure used for high-performance microwave absorbers. The aerogel precursor was first fabricated by a self-assembly process between alginate (Alg) and ammonium thiomolybdate (ATM), where Alg as a template was assembled with ATM into regular banana leaflike architectures along the ice growth direction during oriented freezing. After pyrolysis at 900 °C, the C-doped MoS2 aerogels maintained low densities and porous hierarchal banana leaflike structures, where the banana leaves ranged in diameter from about 2 to 5 μm with the growth of small branches. Benefitting from these features, the C-doped MoS2 aerogel possessed excellent microwave absorption performance in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz. The minimum reflection loss (RL) reached -43 dB at 5.4 GHz with a matching thickness of 4 mm, and the effective microwave absorption band (RL < -10 dB) reached 4 GHz (14-18 GHz) at a thickness of 1.5 mm. Our findings also provide strategies for designing MoS2 aerogel nanostructures for electronic devices, catalysis, and other potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Min Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Meng-En Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ai-Ning Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shu-Liang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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