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Althumayri M, Das R, Banavath R, Beker L, Achim AM, Ceylan Koydemir H. Recent Advances in Transparent Electrodes and Their Multimodal Sensing Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405099. [PMID: 39120484 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
This review examines the recent advancements in transparent electrodes and their crucial role in multimodal sensing technologies. Transparent electrodes, notable for their optical transparency and electrical conductivity, are revolutionizing sensors by enabling the simultaneous detection of diverse physical, chemical, and biological signals. Materials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, and conductive polymers, which offer a balance between optical transparency, electrical conductivity, and mechanical flexibility, are at the forefront of this development. These electrodes are integral in various applications, from healthcare to solar cell technologies, enhancing sensor performance in complex environments. The paper addresses challenges in applying these electrodes, such as the need for mechanical flexibility, high optoelectronic performance, and biocompatibility. It explores new materials and innovative techniques to overcome these hurdles, aiming to broaden the capabilities of multimodal sensing devices. The review provides a comparative analysis of different transparent electrode materials, discussing their applications and the ongoing development of novel electrode systems for multimodal sensing. This exploration offers insights into future advancements in transparent electrodes, highlighting their transformative potential in bioelectronics and multimodal sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed Althumayri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ritu Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Ramu Banavath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Levent Beker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Alin M Achim
- School of Computer Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1QU, UK
| | - Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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Lorencova L, Kasak P, Kosutova N, Jerigova M, Noskovicova E, Vikartovska A, Barath M, Farkas P, Tkac J. MXene-based electrochemical devices applied for healthcare applications. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:88. [PMID: 38206460 PMCID: PMC10784403 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The initial part of the review provides an extensive overview about MXenes as novel and exciting 2D nanomaterials describing their basic physico-chemical features, methods of their synthesis, and possible interfacial modifications and techniques, which could be applied to the characterization of MXenes. Unique physico-chemical parameters of MXenes make them attractive for many practical applications, which are shortly discussed. Use of MXenes for healthcare applications is a hot scientific discipline which is discussed in detail. The article focuses on determination of low molecular weight analytes (metabolites), high molecular weight analytes (DNA/RNA and proteins), or even cells, exosomes, and viruses detected using electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Separate chapters are provided to show the potential of MXene-based devices for determination of cancer biomarkers and as wearable sensors and biosensors for monitoring of a wide range of human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Lorencova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Natalia Kosutova
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Jerigova
- International Laser Center, Slovak Center of Scientific and Technical Information, Ilkovicova 3, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, Mlynska Dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Noskovicova
- International Laser Center, Slovak Center of Scientific and Technical Information, Ilkovicova 3, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, Mlynska Dolina, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alica Vikartovska
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Barath
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Farkas
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Tkac
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 5807/9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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A review on recent advances in 2D-transition metal carbonitride-MXenes nano-sheets/polymer composites' electromagnetic shields, mechanical and thermal properties. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2023.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Idumah CI. Recent advancements in electromagnetic interference shielding of polymer and mxene nanocomposites. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2089581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Igwe Idumah
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Polymer Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
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Facile Synthesis of Microwave-Etched Ti3C2 MXene/Activated Carbon Hybrids for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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John DM, Vincent S, Pathan S, Kumar P, Ali T. Flexible Antennas for a Sub-6 GHz 5G Band: A Comprehensive Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7615. [PMID: 36236715 PMCID: PMC9572407 DOI: 10.3390/s22197615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing demand and need for high-speed communication have generated intensive research in the field of fifth-generation (5G) technology. Sub-6 GHz 5G mid-band spectrum is the focus of the researchers due to its meritorious ease of deployment in the current scenario with the already existing infrastructure of the 4G-LTE system. The 5G technology finds applications in enormous fields that require high data rates, low latency, and stable radiation patterns. One of the major sectors that benefit from the outbreak of 5G is the field of flexible electronics. Devices that are compact need an antenna to be flexible, lightweight, conformal, and still have excellent performance characteristics. Flexible antennas used in wireless body area networks (WBANs) need to be highly conformal to be bent according to the different curvatures of the human body at different body parts. The specific absorption rate (SAR) must be at a permissible level for such an antenna to be suited for WBAN applications. This paper gives a comprehensive review of the current state of the art flexible antennas in a sub-6 GHz 5G band. Furthermore, this paper gives a key insight into the materials for a flexible antenna, the parameters considered for the design of a flexible antenna for 5G, the challenges for the design, and the implementation of a flexible antenna for 5G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi Mariam John
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Shweta Vincent
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Sameena Pathan
- Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Tanweer Ali
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
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Panda S, Deshmukh K, Khadheer Pasha S, Theerthagiri J, Manickam S, Choi MY. MXene based emerging materials for supercapacitor applications: Recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Effect of Nano-Sized Poly(Butyl Acrylate) Layer Grafted from Graphene Oxide Sheets on the Compatibility and Beta-Phase Development of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) and Their Vibration Sensing Performance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105777. [PMID: 35628584 PMCID: PMC9146892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, graphene oxide (GO) particles were modified with a nano-sized poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) layer to improve the hydrophobicity of the GO and improve compatibility with PVDF. The improved hydrophobicity was elucidated using contact angle investigations, and exhibit nearly 0° for neat GO and 102° for GO-PBA. Then, the neat GO and GO-PBA particles were mixed with PVDF using a twin screw laboratory extruder. It was clearly shown that nano-sized PBA layer acts as plasticizer and shifts glass transition temperature from −38.7 °C for neat PVDF to 45.2 °C for PVDF/GO-PBA. Finally, the sensitivity to the vibrations of various frequencies was performed and the piezoelectric constant in the thickness mode, d33, was calculated and its electrical load independency were confirmed. Received values of the d33 were for neat PVDF 14.7 pC/N, for PVDF/GO 20.6 pC/N and for PVDF/GO-PBA 26.2 pC/N showing significant improvement of the vibration sensing and thus providing very promising systems for structural health monitoring and data harvesting.
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Damiri F, Rahman MH, Zehravi M, Awaji AA, Nasrullah MZ, Gad HA, Bani-Fwaz MZ, Varma RS, Germoush MO, Al-malky HS, Sayed AA, Rojekar S, Abdel-Daim MM, Berrada M. MXene (Ti 3C 2T x)-Embedded Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:1666. [PMID: 35268907 PMCID: PMC8911478 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanocomposites have been outstanding functional materials and have garnered immense attention as sustainable materials to address multi-disciplinary problems. MXenes have emerged as a newer class of 2D materials that produce metallic conductivity upon interaction with hydrophilic species, and their delamination affords monolayer nanoplatelets of a thickness of about one nm and a side size in the micrometer range. Delaminated MXene has a high aspect ratio, making it an alluring nanofiller for multifunctional polymer nanocomposites. Herein, we have classified and discussed the structure, properties and application of major polysaccharide-based electroactive hydrogels (hyaluronic acid (HA), alginate sodium (SA), chitosan (CS) and cellulose) in biomedical applications, starting with the brief historical account of MXene's development followed by successive discussions on the synthesis methods, structures and properties of nanocomposites encompassing polysaccharides and MXenes, including their biomedical applications, cytotoxicity and biocompatibility aspects. Finally, the MXenes and their utility in the biomedical arena is deliberated with an eye on potential opportunities and challenges anticipated for them in the future, thus promoting their multifaceted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fouad Damiri
- Labortory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis (BioSynthO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sick, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco;
| | - Md. Habibur Rahman
- Department of Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Mehrukh Zehravi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Girls Section, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University Alkharj, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Aeshah A. Awaji
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University College of Taymaa, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed Z. Nasrullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Heba A. Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Mutasem Z. Bani-Fwaz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Mousa O. Germoush
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamdan S. Al-malky
- Regional Drug Information Center, Ministry of Health, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amany A. Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Satish Rojekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India;
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia;
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Berrada
- Labortory of Biomolecules and Organic Synthesis (BioSynthO), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sick, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Casablanca 20000, Morocco;
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Idumah CI, Ezeani OE, Okonkwo UC, Nwuzor IC, Odera SR. Novel Trends in MXene/Conducting Polymeric Hybrid Nanoclusters. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Liu Z, Zhao S, Li G, Chen C, Xie X, Wu Z, Zhang N. Stabilizing BiOCl/Ti3C2Tx Hybrids for Potassium-Ion Batteries via Solid Electrolyte Interphase Reconstruction. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00640e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synergistic innovation from reasonable material design to electrolyte optimization is the key to improve the performance of anode materials for potassium ion batteries (PIBs). In this work, a two-dimensional...
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Anvari A, Azimi Yancheshme A, Kekre KM, Ronen A. State-of-the-art methods for overcoming temperature polarization in membrane distillation process: A review. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Recent Advances of Wearable Antennas in Materials, Fabrication Methods, Designs, and Their Applications: State-of-the-Art. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11100888. [PMID: 32987793 PMCID: PMC7598725 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The demand for wearable technologies has grown tremendously in recent years. Wearable antennas are used for various applications, in many cases within the context of wireless body area networks (WBAN). In WBAN, the presence of the human body poses a significant challenge to the wearable antennas. Specifically, such requirements are required to be considered on a priority basis in the wearable antennas, such as structural deformation, precision, and accuracy in fabrication methods and their size. Various researchers are active in this field and, accordingly, some significant progress has been achieved recently. This article attempts to critically review the wearable antennas especially in light of new materials and fabrication methods, and novel designs, such as miniaturized button antennas and miniaturized single and multi-band antennas, and their unique smart applications in WBAN. Finally, the conclusion has been drawn with respect to some future directions.
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Jin Y, Yu H, Liang X. Simple Approach: Heat Treatment to Improve the Electrochemical Performance of Commonly Used Anode Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:41368-41380. [PMID: 32812738 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The lithium-ion battery (LIB) industry has been in high demand for simple and effective methods to improve the electrochemical performance of LIBs. Here, we treated three different widely studied anode electrodes (i.e., Li4Ti5O12, TiO2, and graphite) under vacuum at 250 °C, and compared their electrochemical performance with and without a 250 °C treatment. Without changing the composition of the fabricated electrodes, all of the 250 °C treated electrodes exhibited enhanced specific capacities, and the lithium-ion diffusion was improved in different degrees. By comparing the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy of the pristine and 250 °C treated electrodes, the 250 °C treatment improved the distribution of a polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) binder in the electrodes, resulting in a higher porosity of the 250 °C treated electrodes. The results of X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and SEM of the cycled electrodes confirmed that a uniform distribution of the PVDF binder from the 250 °C treatment played a positive role in the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase layer, thereby delivering higher capacities and capacity retentions than those of electrodes without heat treatment. The simplicity of this modification method provides considerable potential for building high-performance LIBs at a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Xinhua Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
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Raagulan K, Braveenth R, Kim BM, Lim KJ, Lee SB, Kim M, Chai KY. An effective utilization of MXene and its effect on electromagnetic interference shielding: flexible, free-standing and thermally conductive composite from MXene–PAT–poly(p-aminophenol)–polyaniline co-polymer. RSC Adv 2020; 10:1613-1633. [PMID: 35494715 PMCID: PMC9048165 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09522e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MXene and conductive polymers are attractive candidates for electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI) applications. The MXene–PAT-conductive polymer (CP) composites were fabricated by a cost-effective spray coating technique and characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. A new approach has been developed for the synthesis of exfoliated MXene. The MXene–PAT–poly(p-aminophenol)–polyaniline co-polymer composite exhibited good electric conductivity (EC) of 7.813 S cm−1. The composites revealed an excellent thermal properties, which were 0.687 W (m K)−1 thermal conductivity, 2.247 J (g K)−1 heat capacity, 0.282 mm2 s−1 thermal diffusivity and 1.330 W s1/2 m−2 K−1 thermal effusivity. The composites showed 99.99% shielding efficiency and the MXene–PAT–PANI–PpAP composite (MXPATPA) had EMI shielding effectiveness of 45.18 dB at 8.2 GHz. The reduced form of MXene (r-Ti3C2Tx) increased the shielding effectiveness (SE) by 7.26% and the absorption (SEA) was greatly enhanced by the ant farm like structure. The composites possess excellent thermal and EMI SE characteristics, thus can be applied in areas, such as mobile phones, military utensils, heat-emitting electronic devices, automobiles and radars. MXene and conductive polymers are attractive candidates for electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI) applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanthasamy Raagulan
- Division of Bio-Nanochemistry
- College of Natural Sciences
- Wonkwang University
- Iksan 570-749
- Korea
| | - Ramanaskanda Braveenth
- Division of Bio-Nanochemistry
- College of Natural Sciences
- Wonkwang University
- Iksan 570-749
- Korea
| | - Bo Mi Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Wonkwang University
- Iksan 570-749
- Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Lim
- Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI)
- Researcher/IT Application Research Center
- Korea
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- Composite Research Division
- Korea Institute of Materials Science
- Changwon 51508
- South Korea
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI)
- Researcher/IT Application Research Center
- Korea
| | - Kyu Yun Chai
- Division of Bio-Nanochemistry
- College of Natural Sciences
- Wonkwang University
- Iksan 570-749
- Korea
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