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Porfyris AD, Vafeiadis A, Gkountela CI, Politidis C, Messaritakis G, Orfanoudakis E, Pavlidou S, Korres DM, Kyritsis A, Vouyiouka SN. Flame-Retarded and Heat-Resistant PP Compounds for Halogen-Free Low-Smoke Cable Protection Pipes (HFLS Conduits). Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1298. [PMID: 38732767 PMCID: PMC11085554 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Conduits are plastic tubes extensively used to safeguard electrical cables, traditionally made from PVC. Recent safety guidelines seek alternatives due to PVC's emission of thick smoke and toxic gases upon fire incidents. Polypropylene (PP) is emerging as a viable alternative but requires modification with suitable halogen-free additives to attain flame retardancy (FR) while maintaining high mechanical strength and weathering resistance, especially for outdoor applications. The objective of this study was to develop two FR systems for PP: one comprising a cyclic phosphonate ester and a monomeric N-alkoxy hindered amine adjuvant achieving V0, and another with hypophosphite and bromine moieties, along with a NOR-HAS adjuvant achieving V2. FR performance along with mechanical properties, physicochemical characterization, and dielectric behavior were evaluated prior to and after 2000 h of UV weathering or heat ageing. The developed FR systems set the basis for the production of industrial-scale masterbatches, from which further optimization to minimize FR content was performed via melt mixing with PP towards industrialization of a low-cost FR formulation. Accordingly, two types of corrugated conduits (ø20 mm) were manufactured. Their performance in terms of flame propagation, impact resistance, smoke density, and accelerated UV weathering stability classified them as Halogen Free Low Smoke (HFLS) conduits; meanwhile, they meet EU conduit standards without significantly impacting conduit properties or industrial processing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios D. Porfyris
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (C.I.G.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Afxentis Vafeiadis
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (C.I.G.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Christina I. Gkountela
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (C.I.G.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Christos Politidis
- Dielectrics Group, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); (A.K.)
| | | | | | - Silvia Pavlidou
- MIRTEC S.A., 76th km of Athens-Lamia National Road, 32009 Schimatari, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios M. Korres
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (C.I.G.); (D.M.K.)
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Dielectrics Group, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (C.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Stamatina N. Vouyiouka
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; (A.V.); (C.I.G.); (D.M.K.)
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2
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Korobeinichev O, Shmakov A, Paletsky A, Trubachev S, Shaklein A, Karpov A, Sosnin E, Kostritsa S, Kumar A, Shvartsberg V. Mechanisms of the Action of Fire-Retardants on Reducing the Flammability of Certain Classes of Polymers and Glass-Reinforced Plastics Based on the Study of Their Combustion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214523. [PMID: 36365531 PMCID: PMC9657405 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present review, using an integrated approach based on the experimental and theoretical study of the processes of thermal decomposition and combustion of practically important polymers, such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene, and glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy resin, the features of the mechanism for reducing the combustibility of these materials with phosphorus-containing flame-retardants (FR), as well as graphene, are identified. A set of original experimental methods was developed and applied that make it possible to study the kinetics of thermal decomposition and the thermal and chemical structure of the flames of the studied materials, including those with FR additives, as well as to measure the flame propagation velocity, the mass burning rate, and the heat fluxes from the flame on the surface of a material. Numerical models were developed and tested to describe the key parameters of the flames of the studied polymeric materials. An analysis of the experimental and numerical simulation data presented showed that the main effect of phosphorus-containing fire-retardants on reducing the combustibility of these materials is associated with the inhibition of combustion processes in the gas phase, and the effect of adding graphene manifests itself in both gas and condensed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Korobeinichev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrey Shmakov
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Paletsky
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Stanislav Trubachev
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Egor Sosnin
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey Kostritsa
- P.I. Baranov Central Institute of Aviation Motor Development, 111116 Moscow, Russia
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Vladimir Shvartsberg
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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3
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Sun S, Peng X, Pang H, Niu H. Synthesis and flame retardant behavior of siloxane functionalized polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Xiaoting Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Hongchang Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
| | - Hui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian China
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Mysiukiewicz O, Sałasińska K, Barczewski M, Celiński M, Skórczewska K. Effect of intumescent flame retardants on non‐isothermal crystallization behavior of high‐density polyethylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mysiukiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Poznan University of Technology Poznań Poland
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering Warsaw University of Technology Warsaw Poland
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute Warsaw Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Poznan University of Technology Poznań Poland
| | - Maciej Celiński
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering Bydgoszcz University of Technology Bydgoszcz Poland
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5
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Li A, Huang B, Wu H, Zhang W, Zhou R, Ding Y. Effects of sample thickness on the combustion and smoke characteristics of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- College of Power Engineering Naval University of Engineering Wuhan China
| | - Biqing Huang
- Faculty of Engineering China University of Geosciences Wuhan China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- 13 Department China Ship Development and Design Center Wuhan China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering China University of Geosciences Wuhan China
| | - Ru Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban and Industrial Safety College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yanming Ding
- Faculty of Engineering China University of Geosciences Wuhan China
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6
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Altayan MM, Al Darouich T. Toward reducing the food packaging waste impact: a study on the effect of Starch type and PE type in thermoplastic starch-polyethylene blends. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-02003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Kačíková D, Kubovský I, Eštoková A, Kačík F, Kmeťová E, Kováč J, Ďurkovič J. The Influence of Nanoparticles on Fire Retardancy of Pedunculate Oak Wood. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3405. [PMID: 34947756 PMCID: PMC8708733 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional flame retardants often contain halogens and produce toxic gases when burned. Hence, in this study, low-cost, environmentally friendly compounds that act as fire retardants are investigated. These materials often contain nanoparticles, from which TiO2 and SiO2 are the most promising. In this work, pedunculate oak wood specimens were modified with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3, i.e., water glass) and TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO nanoparticles using the vacuum-pressure technique. Changes in the samples and fire characteristics of modified wood were studied via thermal analysis (TA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy, coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The results of TA showed the most significant wood decomposition at a temperature of 350 °C, with a non-significant influence of the nanoparticles. A dominant effect of sodium silicate was observed in the main weight-loss step, resulting in a drop in decomposition temperature within the temperature range of 36-44 °C. More intensive decomposition of wood treated with water glass and nanoparticles led to a faster release of non-combustible gases, which slowed down the combustion process. The results demonstrated that wood modifications using sodium silicate and nanoparticle systems have potentially enhanced flame retardant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Kačíková
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (D.K.); (F.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Ivan Kubovský
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (D.K.); (F.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Adriana Eštoková
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Vysokoškolská 4, 04200 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - František Kačík
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (D.K.); (F.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Elena Kmeťová
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (D.K.); (F.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Ján Kováč
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (J.K.); (J.Ď.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Ďurkovič
- Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (J.K.); (J.Ď.)
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8
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Halloysite Nanotubes and Silane-Treated Alumina Trihydrate Hybrid Flame Retardant System for High-Performance Cable Insulation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132134. [PMID: 34209627 PMCID: PMC8272039 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the presence of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and silane-treated alumina trihydrate (ATH-sil) nanofillers on the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardancy properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) blends was investigated. Different weight percentages of HNT and ATH-sil nanoparticles, as well as the hybrid system of those nanofillers, were melt mixed with the polymer blend (reference sample) using a twin-screw extruder. The morphology of the nanoparticles and polymer compositions was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The mechanical properties, hardness, water absorption, and melt flow index (MFI) of the compositions were assessed. The tensile strength increases as a function of the amount of HNT nanofiller; however, the elongation at break decreases. In the case of the hybrid system of nanofillers, the compositions showed superior mechanical properties. The thermal properties of the reference sample and those of the corresponding sample with nanofiller blends were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Two peaks were observed in the melting and crystallization temperatures. This shows that the EVA/LDPE is an immiscible polymer blend. The thermal stability of the blends was improved by the presence of HNTs and ATH-sil nanoparticles. Thermal degradation temperatures were shifted to higher values by the presence of hybrid nanofillers. Finally, the flammability of the compositions was assessed. Flammability as reflected by the limiting oxygen index (OI) was increased by the presence of HNT and ATH-sil nanofiller and a hybrid system of the nanoparticles.
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9
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Porfyris AD, Vouyiouka SN, Luyt AS, Korres DM, Malik SS, Gasmi S, Grosshauser M, Pfaendner R, Papaspyrides CD. Development of value‐added polyethylene grades with extended service lifetime: Weathering resistant flame retarded materials for outdoor applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios D. Porfyris
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Stamatina N. Vouyiouka
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Athens Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios M. Korres
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Sarah S. Malik
- Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University Doha Qatar
| | - Soumia Gasmi
- Center for Advanced Materials Qatar University Doha Qatar
| | - Michael Grosshauser
- Plastics Division Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Darmstadt Germany
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Plastics Division Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF Darmstadt Germany
| | - Constantine D. Papaspyrides
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Athens Greece
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10
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Kim Y, Lee S, Yoon H. Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:540. [PMID: 33673106 PMCID: PMC7918670 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukyung Kim
- R&D Laboratory: Korea Fire Institute, 331 Jisam-ro, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17088, Korea;
| | - Sanghyuck Lee
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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11
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Thi NH, Nguyen TN, Oanh HT, Trang NTT, Tham DQ, Nguyen HT, Van Nguyen T, Hoang MH. Synergistic effects of aluminum hydroxide, red phosphorus, and expandable graphite on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Hac Thi
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thanh Nhan Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Ho Thi Oanh
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Trang
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Do Quang Tham
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Ha Tran Nguyen
- Faculty of Materials Technology Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tuyen Van Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Mai Ha Hoang
- Institute of Chemistry Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
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12
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The Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Composites: From Fundamental Concepts to Nanocomposites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215157. [PMID: 33167598 PMCID: PMC7664228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is one the most used plastics worldwide for a wide range of applications due to its good mechanical and chemical resistance, low density, cost efficiency, ease of processability, non-reactivity, low toxicity, good electric insulation, and good functionality. However, its high flammability and rapid flame spread pose dangers for certain applications. Therefore, different flame-retardant (FR) additives are incorporated into PE to increase its flame retardancy. In this review article, research papers from the past 10 years on the flame retardancy of PE systems are comprehensively reviewed and classified based on the additive sources. The FR additives are classified in well-known FR families, including phosphorous, melamine, nitrogen, inorganic hydroxides, boron, and silicon. The mechanism of fire retardance in each family is pinpointed. In addition to the efficiency of each FR in increasing the flame retardancy, its impact on the mechanical properties of the PE system is also discussed. Most of the FRs can decrease the heat release rate (HRR) of the PE products and simultaneously maintains the mechanical properties in appropriate ratios. Based on the literature, inorganic hydroxide seems to be used more in PE systems compared to other families. Finally, the role of nanotechnology for more efficient FR-PE systems is discussed and recommendations are given on implementing strategies that could help incorporate flame retardancy in the circular economy model.
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13
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Gulati K, Lal S, Kumar M, Arora S. Influence of Flame Retardants on LLDPE‐Date Pit Fiber Composites: Thermal Degradation and Tensile Properties. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gulati
- Department of ChemistryKurukshetra University Kurukshetra - 136119 Haryana India
- Department of ChemistryDyal Singh College Karnal 132001 Haryana India
| | - Sohan Lal
- Department of ChemistryKurukshetra University Kurukshetra - 136119 Haryana India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of ChemistryMaharishi Dayanand University Rohtak -124021 Haryana India
| | - Sanjiv Arora
- Department of ChemistryKurukshetra University Kurukshetra - 136119 Haryana India
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14
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Xu J, Ou H, Shan X, Liu B, Jiang J, Xu G. Investigation of novel intumescent flame retardant low‐density polyethylene based on SiO
2
@MAPP and double pentaerythritol. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Xu
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Ou
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xueying Shan
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Liu
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Guoguang Xu
- Changzhou Shujie Plastic Products Co., Ltd Changzhou People's Republic of China
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15
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Reis Bernardes F, Jakeline Cunha Rezende M, de Oliveira Rodrigues V, Sandra Veiga Nascimento R, Pereira da Silva Ribeiro S. Synthesis and Application of H-ZSM-5 Zeolites with Different Levels of Acidity as Synergistic Agents in Flame Retardant Polymeric Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122110. [PMID: 31888118 PMCID: PMC6960519 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies show a synergistic effect between intumescent formulations and aluminosilicates, such as zeolites and clays, but little is known about the effect of acidity of these additives on the synergistic action. In this work, H-ZSM-5 zeolite was submitted to desilication treatments for 30 min and for 2 h, and silicalite-1 was synthesized. The objective was to obtain samples of equivalent crystalline structure, but with different amounts of acid sites, in order to evaluate the effect of acid concentration of H-ZSM-5 zeolites on the synergistic action with an intumescent formulation composed by ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol in polypropylene. H-ZSM-5 zeolites and silicalite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption analysis and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia. The desilication produced H-ZSM-5 zeolites with similar volumes of mesopores in both treatments, but the zeolite resulting from 2 h of desilication presented a higher concentration of acid sites than the zeolite from 30 min. The flame-retardant properties were evaluated by UL-94 classification, limiting oxygen index, glow-wire, thermogravimetric analysis and heating microscopy. The results showed that increasing the concentration and accessibility of the acid sites of H-ZSM-5 zeolites the flame-retardant properties of the studied composites improved. It is suggested that the increase of acid site concentration positively influences the catalysis of the reaction between ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol, favoring the production of the precursors of the intumescent layer.
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16
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Thermal Decomposition Mechanism and Kinetics Study of Plastic Waste Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122080. [PMID: 31842466 PMCID: PMC6960712 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), as a new type of engineering plastic waste, has been used widely due to its good heat resistance, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, while it has become an important part of solid waste. The pyrolysis behaviors of CPVC waste were analyzed based on thermogravimetric experiments to explore its reaction mechanism. Compared with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis, CPVC pyrolysis mechanism was divided into two stages and speculated to be dominated by the dehydrochlorination and cyclization/aromatization processes. A common model-free method, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method, was applied to estimate the activation energy values at different conversion rates. Meanwhile, a typical model-fitting method, Coats-Redfern method, was used to predict the possible reaction model by the comparison of activation energy obtained from model-free method, thereby the first order reaction-order model and fourth order reaction-order model were established corresponding to these two stages. Eventually, based on the initial kinetic parameter values computed by model-free method and reaction model established by model-fitting method, kinetic parameters were optimized by Shuffled Complex Evolution algorithm and further applied to predict the CPVC pyrolysis behaviors during the whole temperature range.
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17
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Zhou J, Heng Z, Zhang H, Chen Y, Zou H, Liang M. High residue bio-based structural–functional integration epoxy and intrinsic flame retardant mechanism study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41603-41615. [PMID: 35541599 PMCID: PMC9076489 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08098h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on structural–functional integration of polymers has become an inevitable trend and development orientation in modern materials science. An intrinsic flame-retardant epoxy with superior mechanical properties and reusability is of great application value as a composite matrix and structural material. We newly synthesized two bio-based epoxy resins, VSE and VDE, the Young's modulus of product cured by DDM (4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane) achieve 5013 MPa and 4869 MPa, respectively. The LOI values of VSE and VDE were 38.7% and 34.5% respectively and both meet UL-94 V-0 rating. High char residue at 800 °C (34.5% and 28.0%, respectively) means a superior thermal stability which conventional epoxies are unreachable. Besides, cured VDE have convenient processability which can be re-shape as heating up and retain complete structural performance after cooling to room temperature. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with infrared spectroscopy (TGA-IR) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to assist scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the intrinsic flame-retardant mechanism. In this work, the effect and process of nitrogen–phosphorus synergy on flame retardant is revealed finally. These results indicate the newly prepared epoxy has excellent flame retardancy, mechanical properties and recyclability which opens new possibilities in practical applications of epoxy such as coatings, potting or composite matrix in the near future. Research on structural–functional integrated polymers has become an inevitable trend in modern materials science. An intrinsic flame-retardant epoxy with superior performance and reusability is of great application value in the near future.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhou
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 6100652
- China
| | - Zhengguang Heng
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 6100652
- China
| | - Haoruo Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 6100652
- China
| | - Yang Chen
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 6100652
- China
| | - Huawei Zou
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 6100652
- China
| | - Mei Liang
- The State Key Lab of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University
- Chengdu 6100652
- China
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