1
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Irfan M, Afzal S, Hussain M, Naz MY, Shukrullah S, Rahman S, Faraj Mursal SN, Ghanim AAJ. Testing of Sr-Doped ZnO/CNT Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution from Water Splitting under Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Plasma Exposure. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18891-18900. [PMID: 37273618 PMCID: PMC10233682 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonthermal plasma is a well-recognized environmentally advantageous method for producing green fuels. This work used different photocatalysts, including PZO, SxZO, and SxZCx for hydrogen production using an atmospheric argon coaxial dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)-based light source. The photocatalysts were produced using a sol-gel route. The DBD discharge column was filled with water, methanol, and the catalyst to run the reaction under argon plasma. The DBD reactor was operated with a 10 kV AC source to sustain plasma for water splitting. The light absorption study of the tested catalysts revealed a decrease in the band gap with an increase in the concentration of Sr and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the Sr/ZnO/CNTs series. The photocatalyst S25ZC2 demonstrated the lowest photoluminescence (PL) intensity, implying the most quenched recombination of charge carriers. The highest H2 evolution rate of 2760 μmol h-1 g-1 was possible with the S25ZC2 catalyst, and the lowest evolution rate of 56 μmol h-1 g-1 was observed with the PZO catalyst. The photocatalytic activity of S25ZC2 was initially high, which decreased slightly over time due to the deactivation of the photocatalyst. The photocatalytic activity decreased from 2760 to 1670 μmol h-1 g-1 at the end of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saba Afzal
- Department
of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- Department
of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasin Naz
- Department
of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Shukrullah
- Department
of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Nasar Faraj Mursal
- Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Bio-based polyamide nanocomposites of nanoclay, carbon nanotubes and graphene: a review. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-023-01164-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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3
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Otaegi I, Aranburu N, Guerrica-Echevarría G. Attaining Toughness and Reduced Electrical Percolation Thresholds in Bio-Based PA410 by Combined Addition of Bio-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers and CNTs. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3420. [PMID: 34641235 PMCID: PMC8512475 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were added to provide electrical conductivity to bio-based polymer blends with improved toughness (based on commercially available Pebax thermoplastic elastomers and bio-based polyamide 4,10). A preliminary study including three different Pebax grades was carried out to select the grade and the composition that would best improve the impact properties of PA410. Thus, tough multiphasic PA/Pebax/CNT nanocomposites (NCs) with enhanced electrical conductivity were obtained. The CNTs were added either: (1) in the form of pristine nanotubes or (2) in the form of a PA6-based masterbatch. Hence, PA410/Pebax/CNT ternary NCs and PA410/PA6/Pebax/CNT quaternary NCs were obtained, respectively, up to a CNT content of 1 wt%. The ternary and quaternary NCs both showed similar mechanical and electrical properties. The electrical percolation threshold decreased with respect to previously studied corresponding NCs without Pebax, i.e., PA410/CNT and PA410/PA6/CNT, due to the partial volume exclusion effect of Pebax over the CNTs that were dispersed mainly in the PA matrix; materials with percolation concentrations as low as 0.38 wt% were obtained. With respect to mechanical properties, contrary to the NCs without Pebax, all the PA/Pebax/CNT NCs showed a ductile behavior and impact strength values that were from three to five-fold higher than that of the pure PA410.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gonzalo Guerrica-Echevarría
- Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials—Physics, Chemistry and Technology & POLYMAT, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (I.O.); (N.A.)
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4
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Evaluating the Performance of a Semiaromatic/Aliphatic Polyamide Blend: The Case for Polyphthalamide (PPA) and Polyamide 4,10 (PA410). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193391. [PMID: 34641207 PMCID: PMC8512554 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper studies the structure–property–processing relationship of polyphthalamide (PPA) PPA/polyamide 4,10 (PA410) blends, via co-relating their thermal-mechanical properties with their morphology, crystallization, and viscoelastic properties. When compared to neat PPA, the blends show improved processability with a lower processing temperature (20 °C lower than neat PPA) along with a higher modulus/strength and heat deflection temperature (HDT). The maximum tensile modulus is that of the 25PPA/75PA410 blend, ~3 GPa, 25% higher than neat PPA (~2.4 GPa). 25PPA/75PA410 also exhibits the highest HDT (136 °C) among all the blends, being 11% more than PPA (122 °C). The increase in the thermo-mechanical properties of the blends is explained by the partial miscibility between the two polymers. The blends improve the processing performance of PPA and broaden its applicability.
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5
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Predictive Optimization of Electrical Conductivity of Polycarbonate Composites at Different Concentrations of Carbon Nanotubes: A Valorization of Conductive Nanocomposite Theoretical Models. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14071687. [PMID: 33808116 PMCID: PMC8037611 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate—carbon nanotube (PC-CNT) conductive composites containing CNT concentration covering 0.25–4.5 wt.% were prepared by melt blending extrusion. The alternating current (AC) conductivity of the composites has been investigated. The percolation threshold of the PC-CNT composites was theoretically determined using the classical theory of percolation followed by numerical analysis, quantifying the conductivity of PC-CNT at the critical volume CNT concentration. Different theoretical models like Bueche, McCullough and Mamunya have been applied to predict the AC conductivity of the composites using a hyperparameter optimization method. Through multiple series of the hyperparameter optimization process, it was found that McCullough and Mamunya theoretical models for electrical conductivity fit remarkably with our experimental results; the degree of chain branching and the aspect ratio are estimated to be 0.91 and 167 according to these models. The development of a new model based on a modified Sohi model is in good agreement with our data, with a coefficient of determination R2=0.922 for an optimized design model. The conductivity is correlated to the electromagnetic absorption (EM) index showing a fine fit with Steffen–Boltzmann (SB) model, indicating the ultimate CNTs volume concentration for microwave absorption at the studied frequency range.
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6
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Salles Macena da Cruz B, Tienne LGP, Gondim FF, Silva Candido L, Marques MDFV, Chaves EG. Influence of the addition of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes on the thermal and mechanical properties of polyamide‐11 before and after aging tests. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Salles Macena da Cruz
- Instituto de Macromoleculas Professora Eloisa Mano Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ). Centro de Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Lucas Galhardo Pimenta Tienne
- Instituto de Macromoleculas Professora Eloisa Mano Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ). Centro de Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fabbri Gondim
- Instituto de Macromoleculas Professora Eloisa Mano Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ). Centro de Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Ludmila Silva Candido
- Instituto de Macromoleculas Professora Eloisa Mano Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ). Centro de Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques
- Instituto de Macromoleculas Professora Eloisa Mano Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ). Centro de Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Erica Gervasoni Chaves
- Instituto de Macromoleculas Professora Eloisa Mano Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IMA/UFRJ). Centro de Tecnologia Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
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7
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Polymer Processing and Surfaces. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040536. [PMID: 33670406 PMCID: PMC7918510 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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8
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Dan L, Cheng Q, Narain R, Krause B, Pötschke P, Elias A. Three-Dimensional Printed and Biocompatible Conductive Composites Comprised of Polyhydroxybutyrate and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Dan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Qiuli Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Beate Krause
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF), Hohe Straße 6, Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Anastasia Elias
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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9
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Samantaray SK, Satapathy BK. Correlating
ultra‐toughening
of
bio‐based
polyamide 410 with melt rheological and solid state relaxation dynamics by gelation rheology approach. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Samantaray
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi India
| | - Bhabani K. Satapathy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Hauz Khas New Delhi India
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10
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Zare Y, Rhee KY. Model Progress for Tensile Power of Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes by Percolating Interphase Zone and Network Aspects. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1047. [PMID: 32370278 PMCID: PMC7285122 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a simple simulation is advanced based on a Callister equation considering the impacts of interphase and carbon nanotube (CNT) nets on the strength of nanocomposites after percolation onset. The advanced model can analyze the strength of nanocomposite by filler aspect ratio (α), percolation beginning (φp), interphase depth (t), interphase power (σi), net density (N), and net power (σN). The empirical consequences of several samples agree with the estimations of the industrialised model. The nanocomposite strength straightly depends on "α", "t", "σi", "N", and "σN", while the radius and percolation onset of CNT play the inverse characters. The reasonable impacts of net and interphase possessions on the nanocomposite strength rationalise the accurate progress of the Callister equation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-201-2565; Fax: +82-31-202-6693
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11
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Zare Y, Rhee KY. Analysis of the Connecting Effectiveness of the Interphase Zone on the Tensile Properties of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) Reinforced Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E896. [PMID: 32295017 PMCID: PMC7240721 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of interphase region around nanoparticles accelerates the percolating of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in polymer nanocomposites reinforced with CNT (PCNT), due to the linking productivity of interphase district before the physical connecting of nanoparticles. Therefore, the interphase is an important character in the networks of CNT in PCNT. Here, a simulation study is presented to investigate the interphase connection in the mechanical possessions of PCNT including tensile modulus and strength. A number of models comprising Takayanagi, Ouali, Pukanszky and Callister are developed by the assumption of an interphase district in the CNT excluded volume. The advanced models depict the optimistic influences of reedy and lengthy CNT besides dense interphase on the stiffness and tensile power of nanocomposites. The Pukanszky calculations depict that the interphase strength plays a more noteworthy role in the nanocomposites strength compared to the CNT length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea;
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12
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Zare Y, Rhee KY. Calculation of the Electrical Conductivity of Polymer Nanocomposites Assuming the Interphase Layer Surrounding Carbon Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E404. [PMID: 32053949 PMCID: PMC7077723 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interphase layer surrounding nanoparticles can reflect the tunneling effect as the main mechanism of charge transferring in polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites (PCNT). In this paper, the percolation threshold, effective volume fraction of CNT, and the portion of percolated filler after percolation are expressed by interphase and CNT waviness. Moreover, the developed terms are used to suggest the influences of CNT dimensions, interphase thickness, and waviness on the electrical conductivity of PCNT by conventional and developed models. Thin and long CNT, thick interphase, and low waviness obtain a high fraction of percolated CNT. However, the highest level of effective filler fraction is only calculated by the thinnest CNT and the thickest interphase. Furthermore, both models show that the thinnest and the longest CNT as well as the thickest interphase and the least CNT waviness cause the highest conductivity in PCNT, because they positively contribute to the formation and properties of the conductive network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea;
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13
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Zare Y, Rhee KY. Development of Expanded Takayanagi Model for Tensile Modulus of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Nanocomposites Assuming Interphase Regions Surrounding the Dispersed and Networked Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E233. [PMID: 31963579 PMCID: PMC7023596 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we consider the interphase regions surrounding the dispersed and networked carbon nanotubes (CNT) to develop and simplify the expanded Takayanagi model for tensile modulus of polymer CNT nanocomposites (PCNT). The moduli and volume fractions of dispersed and networked CNT and the surrounding interphase regions are considered. Since the modulus of interphase region around the dispersed CNT insignificantly changes the modulus of nanocomposites, this parameter is removed from the developed model. The developed model shows acceptable agreement with the experimental results of several samples. "ER" as nanocomposite modulus per the modulus of neat matrix changes from 1.4 to 7.7 at dissimilar levels of "f" (CNT fraction in the network) and network modulus. Moreover, the lowest relative modulus of 2.2 is observed at the smallest levels of interphase volume fraction ( ϕ i < 0.017), while the highest " ϕ i " as 0.07 obtains the highest relative modulus of 11.8. Also, the variation of CNT size (radius and length) significantly changes the relative modulus from 2 to 20.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Korea;
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14
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Zare Y, Rhee KY. Study on the Effects of the Interphase Region on the Network Properties in Polymer Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E182. [PMID: 32284499 PMCID: PMC7022448 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The interphase region around nanoparticles changes the percolation threshold of long and thin nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) in polymer nanocomposites. In this paper, the effects of the interphase region on the percolation threshold of nanoparticles and the network fraction are studied. New percolation threshold (φP) is defined by the role of the interphase in the excluded volume of nanoparticles (Vex). Moreover, the influences of filler and interphase size on the percolation volume fraction, the fraction of nanoparticles in the network as well as the volume fraction and relative density of the filler network are investigated. The least ranges of "φP" are obtained by thin and long CNT. Similarly, a thick interphase increases the "Vex" parameter, which causes a positive role in the percolation occurrence. Also, thin CNT and a thick interphase cause the high fraction of the filler network in the nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-201-2565; Fax: +82-31-202-6693
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